ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ ˝żţ˙˙˙ťź˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁ'` đż…>bjbjLULU 0l.?.?Ą1ă˙˙˙˙˙˙¤    ĆXŇ084´)´)´)´)Đ)”l ě=Fp*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*ť<˝<˝<˝<˝<˝<˝<$2@hšBđá< &p*~p*p*î*TB+,á<  p*p*ö<`(.(.(.n+„ p* p*ť<.p*ť<(.(.Ž+;h  g<p*d* p!ˆ%ÇÂË´)ň,ˆ“;‡<4V=–ě=Ł;ĊCz-pŠC g<ŠC´g< p*p*.p*p*p*p*p*á<á<ę-p*p*p*ě=p*p*p*p*l l l Ä0„l l l 0*8      ˙˙˙˙ PART II – Conducting Post-tsunami Field Surveys (before the field survey) PII-2 International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) Basic Terms of Reference (ToR) of ITST: The Terms of Reference (ToR) for a given ITST will need to strike a balance between addressing specific questions that the host government/affected country will have regarding its particular event, and the research questions volunteering scientists and experts will have. It is vital that for effective collaboration between incoming scientists and host governments/communities, that there is no sense/perception that incoming scientists are there only to generate data that will advance their careers. ITST’s can and do meet both the needs of affected communities and participating survey scientists and experts – but one should not be to the disadvantage of the other. It is suggested that potential participating scientists inform the nominated/identified ITST coordinator of the particular research questions/tasks they wish to undertake/address so these can be built in to the ToR by negotiation with the host government. It is also a MUST that the ITST Coordinator and UNESCO-IOC negotiate directly with the National Contact point or other relevant authority of the host government to agree specific ToR for the incoming ITST. The final composition, skills, interests and resources available to an ITST team will determine exactly what tasks it undertakes as part of the survey. Further, it should be flexible so as to be able to take account of specific knowledge gaps of the host government once the ITST is on the ground. We do not seek to be prescriptive, but it is logical that the following basic ToR be considered in all ITST and adjusted as required: (1) take measurements of maximum inundation and maximum flood run-up and flow depth above ground surface at as many sites as possible – such measurements are useful for many reasons including improving forecast inundation models and understanding impacts of tsunami inundation on building damage; (2) take geological samples of sediments left by the tsunami – such samples help with the characterization of tsunami deposits providing highly valuable analogues to compare with suspected palaeotsunami deposits; (3) measure the type and severity of damage to different types of buildings and record what factors appeared to control damage levels – such data are valuable for helping revise building codes and design standards and for informing land use zoning and planning decision making; (4) collect and measure information about the environmental and biophysical system impacts of the tsunami in different places – such work is helpful for exploring many aspects of conservation, ecosystem function analysis and environmental change and management; (5) collect information about survivor experiences and stories through interviews (if deemed appropriate); (6) explore the human and community vulnerability and resilience factors at work in different places - what made a particular community resilient or vulnerable, what are the differential experiences of different types of people who experienced the tsunami? – such data are critical for understanding how to develop appropriate education and hazard awareness programs, for revising early warning approaches and alike; (7) use the results from tasks 1 to 6 to draw up recommendations to assist local and national government authorities to increase community resilience, improve disaster preparedness and planning and increase community awareness and education. It is obvious here that we suggest a variety of data be collected that bridges both the bio-physical and human and social sciences. Such a broad analyses has been advocated in multiple-hazards work and takes account of an increasing understanding of the coupling between the human-environmental systems (see Turner et al., 2003; Dominey-Howes et al., in review). This approach provides a much better contextural understanding of extreme events and better insights to aid effective disaster risk reduction. ITST Coordination Team, Decision-making procedure: The ITST Coordination Team should comprise at least: Tsunami National Contact UNESCO-IOC staff member The Survey Coordinator Host government representative (may be ministry and/or scientific staff member) A relevant scientist/technical expert from host country university and/or research organization Other as relevant This Coordination Team should take overall responsibility for organizing final ToR’s, logistics, liaison between incoming scientists/experts and host country government Decision making should be negotiated but advised by technical and cultural knowledge of host country members who have a clearer understanding of day-to-day technical challenges on the ground. All relevant decisions that need to be made (e.g., timing of surveys, making team size that can be supported, ToR’s, logistics required) should be discussed and then communicated via the appointed/nominated ITST Coordinator. Composition of ITST, including national and local participants: There can be no prescribed composition to a ITST, primarily because such teams are composed of ‘volunteering’ scientists and experts coming from other countries. However, to facilitate functioning of the ITST in country, to be cognizant of cultural norms and practices, to take account of in-country expertise and knowledge and to facilitate horizontal skills and knowledge transfer, it is critical that ITST’s do comprise a mix of host-country experts and incoming international participants. Host country team members may comprise experts scientists from relevant ministries and/or research organizations. The ITST should comprise (in addition to those individuals listed as members of the ITST Coordination Team (see above)), experts with relevant skills and knowledge to address the ToR’s questions agreed for the survey. There may be need to ‘limit’ the overall size of the ITST depending on the nature of the impacts of the tsunami at specific places and the capacity of the host region to ‘accommodate’ incoming teams. Size and exact composition should be negotiated between the Coordinating Team, host government and volunteering scientists/experts. Sub groups: Inundation, Run-up, and Flow depth/direction, Building and Infrastructure damage, Geology and Tectonics (subsidence/uplift, scour, sediments), Ecosystem and Biological impacts, Eyewitness Interviewing, Preparedness, Social, Human & Economic Impacts: It is understood and acknowledged that it will not be possible in every post-tsunami ITST survey to have separate sub-teams undertaking distinctive surveys. However, where possible and desirable, efforts should be made to capture a wide range of information (data) about the impacts and effects of the tsunami in different places. Recent experience suggests that where possible, having sub-teams that cover the breadth of the coupled human-environment systems, helps provide detailed, contextural information about the tsunami. The sum of such analyses is much greater than its individual parts. If possible, the following sub-teams are recommended: Inundation, Run-up, and Flow depth/direction Building and Infrastructure damage Geology and Tectonics (subsidence/uplift, scour, sediments) Ecosystem and Biological Impacts (both terrestrial and marine – natural and agricultural) Eyewitness Interviewing & Preparedness Social, Human & Economic Impacts We recommend that ‘Sub-Team Leaders’ with designated responsibility for leading field investigations develop separate ToR’s for their sub-team. These ToR should be negotiated (via the overall ITST Coordinator) with the host government and spefici sub-team members. Role and responsibility of Tsunami National Contact (TNC), Tsunami Warning Focal Point (TWFP) and IOC (ITIC, ICG Secretaries, UNESCO Office on site and other UN agencies) and IOC sponsorship: Other comments ???? Collaboration between NTST, ITST, and other international organizations: ???? Other comments ???? Comprehensive survey by ITST and NTST: ???? Other comments ???? Communication, Transportation and Co-ordination - logistic issues: Incoming ITST’s and their overall Coordinators will face a series of logistic challenges. Here, we ‘flag’ those most important to the overall performance of the ITST. These should be considered carefully, prior to departure in to the field: Communication (via email??) between all ITST team members and the host government and its representatives (e.g., one way communication to make things easy or delegated communication between specific people/sub-teams?); Communication between team members once in the field – especially if team members are not returning to a ‘base camp’ at the end of each day; Transportation of team members on a daily basis – how many vehicles are required, where will they be sourced, how long are suitable vehicles available for, who pays for transportation costs; How is coordination to occur? Will there be a ‘base camp’ at which information is centrally stored and coordination decisions can be easily made? Can sub-team leaders have decision-making and coordination activities delegated to them? Who is responsible for organizing logistics? For large ITST’s – especially those based at a single ‘base camp’, logistics will need to be carefully planned and modified throughout the survey period to take account of daily needs and team size. This task can be very significant and may need a single person allocated to that core task. Who does this and what recognition do they get for their efforts (e.g., co-authorship of publications arising even when they have not collected data)? Pre-Travel Procedure and Sensitivity of the survey area: Working in post-disaster situations is stressful and can be upsetting. ITST participants must take care of each other, take time to ask if others are ok, take time to sit and listen to each other at the end of each day – formally if needed but definitely informally. In Annex X are some references to papers that provide details about field-work care and support. Take a look BEFORE you go in to the field. ITST participants must also respect each other professionally and understand each individuals role and responsibilities as researchers and experts. ITST’s and their members should be aware and take account of appropriate cultural sensitivities when undertaking survey work. Please see specific guidelines contained in Section 2.1 “Conducting the Field Survey (Overall Policies)”. Scheduling of survey: A balance must be struck between the desire and enthusiasm of potential participants in an ITST to go in to affected areas to collect (potentially perishable data) as quickly as possible and the needs of emergency authorities, host governments and affected communities to complete essential activities in the immediate, critical, post-disaster ‘emergency response phase’. It is not our desire to be prescriptive and every situation with vary. ITST’s and their coordinators are asked to reflect on the following: In almost all situations, when people have been negatively affected, a disaster has occurred. Survivors are in a highly stressed condition and authorities and governments and humanitarian agencies are working under difficult circumstances with incomplete information. Their priority is the affected communities – not ITST’s; There may be political resistance to allowing an ITST to enter an affected area for a period of time; Be sensitive to the need for emergency response to occur before rushing to an area too soon; Resources on the ground to support a ITST survey team will most likely be limited; Consult with host country officials to determine for them, what is the optimum time for ITST’s to enter the affected areas; If there is a scientific urgency for ‘rapid’ ITST deployment to an area, the overall coordinator, together with UNESCO-IOC should negotiate with the host government only – avoid multiple people trying to get ‘authorisation’ and help to enter an area. It might be easier for UNESCO to gain approval; Try to avoid multiple ITST’s going to the same areas to undertake what will be perceived as ‘repeat surveys of the same thing’; Keep ITST’s as short as reasonable, and as long as necessary to gather meaningful data; Be flexible and understand that for reasons not obvious to ITST survey participants, host governments might need to keep shifting the ‘ideal’ survey date and reschedule. Try to avoid allowing frustration to show and ‘work’ with the host government to know the best date for survey and what might be the ‘maximum’ size of survey team a region can support. Should we discriminate between the likely ToR’s on small, rapidly deployed teams with limited ToR’s versus, larger, complex teams with a bigger remit??????? Is this right Laura? Laura, in your professional experience, are there ‘standard/core/key ToR’s / research questions that should always be addressed (e.g., inundation/run-up limits etc etc)? Have I got them right here? What’s missing? Are there priorities etc etc?? Laura – I know there is MUCH I’ve missed here. Please correct and enlarge. Cheers Laura – this is outside of field of knowledge and I think you are best placed to draft words here ( Again Laura – over to you! ( Laura, this is not too clear to me and I suspect you have a much clearer idea than me by what should go here. Can you take a go and then I’ll add detail. Cheers I guess we should separate out logistics for small, rapid teams versus larger, complex teams Laura, I was hoping we can keep each section as short as possible so cross-referencing seems appropriate. What do you think? Laura – do you think we need to break ‘scheduling’ down to reflect the idea of ‘small, rapidly deployed’ ITST with limited focus to collect perishable data versus the larger, slower ITST that do a more complex survey???????? 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!-1,!231$'$3,!,2,!%-2,2$,22$2,%!,'-,",2$32,'22'$2222,,!22$',,2''$,21 T¸îđąaĎ.‡@-Š‡@îJL^ipexperts will have.,32,!'H2,2,TT˛đŢaĎ.‡@-Š‡@˛JL^iP - TTîcÔĎ.‡@-Š‡@î˝L^iP - T,îÖSGĎ.‡@-Š‡@î0PL^iěIt is vital that for effective collaboration between incoming scientists and hos 8(82,82,8!3!9,!!-,2,8,2,22",2282,H,,283,2N228',,2('8,22822'TXTÖ‰GĎ.‡@-Š‡@T0L^iPt  TDîI‰şĎ.‡@-Š‡@îŁTL^iôgovernments/communities, that there is no sense/perception that incoming scientists 122-!2N,2',2NN22,'%2,%2,!,%'%22%',2',2,!,,222%2,%2,2N31%',,2'' T\îźˆ-Ď.‡@-Š‡@îXL^iüare there only to generate data that will advance their careers. ITST s can and do meet ,!,2-!,22021,2-!,-2,,2,H,22,2-,3,!,-!,-!' =8=!'-,2-2222N,, T8î/ŕ Ď.‡@-Š‡@î‰RL^iđboth the needs of affected communities and participating survey scientists and exp2222,2,,2'2!,!!,,-2,2NN22,',222,!,2,21'2!2.0',,2'',22,32Tlá/ˆ Ď.‡@&" WMFC <02 ž{",ƒBasic Terms of Reference (ToR) of       2 žq,ƒITST 2 ž—,ƒ:~- 2 žœ,ƒ ~‰2 Đ{T,ƒThe Terms of Reference (ToR) for a given ITST will need to strike a balance between            2 ă{ ,ƒaddressing sp s2 ă×E,ƒecific questions that the host government/affected country will have      Ž2 ö{W,ƒregarding its particular event, and the research questions volunteering scientists and         &2 {,ƒexperts will have.    2 ď,ƒ ~ 2 {,ƒ ~ƒ2 /{P,ƒIt is vital that for effective collaboration between incoming scientists and hos                  2 /­,ƒt ‰2 B{T,ƒgovernments/communities, that there is no sense/perception that incoming scientists         2 U{X,ƒare there only to generate data that will advance their careers. ITST’s can and do meet      †2 h{R,ƒboth the needs of affected communities and participating survey scientists and exp 2 hš,ƒerts I 2 {{,ƒ–~_2 {ƒ8,ƒ but one should not be to the disadvantage of the other.     2 {ë,ƒ ~ 2 Ž{,ƒ ~2 Ą{X,ƒIt is suggested that potential participating scientists inform the nominated/identified             y2 ł{I,ƒITST coordinator of the particular research questions/tasks they wish to a        :2 Ć{,ƒundertake/address so these can   Y2 ĆR4,ƒbe built in to the ToR by negotiation with the host         n2 Ů{B,ƒgovernment. It is also a MUST that the ITST Coordinator and UNESCO               2 ِ,ƒ-~2 Ů–,ƒIOC  Œ2 ě{V,ƒnegotiate directly with the National Contact point or other relevant authority of the        R2 ˙{/,ƒhost government to agree specific ToR for the i    2 ˙ą,ƒncoming   2 ˙ď,ƒITST 2 ˙,ƒ.~ 2 ˙,ƒ ~ 2 {,ƒ ~Œ2 %{V,ƒThe final composition, skills, interests and resources available to an ITST team will        2 8{X,ƒdetermine exactly what tasks it undertakes as part of the survey. Further, it should be         n2 K{B,ƒflexible so as to be able to take account of specific knowledge ga     "2 KO,ƒps of the host    J2 ^{*,ƒgovernment once the ITST is on the ground.      2 ^,ƒ ~ 2 q{,ƒ ~ w2 „{H,ƒWe do not seek to be prescriptive, but it is logical that the following       2 „X,ƒbasicn2 „y,ƒ ToR be   S2 —{0,ƒconsidered in all ITST and adjusted as required:       2 —ľ,ƒ ~ 2 Ş{,ƒ ~-2 ˝{,ƒ(1) űđ˙ź@Times New Roman-a2 ˝”9,ƒtake measurements of maximum inundation and maximum flood           2 ˝\,ƒ run 2 ˝{,ƒ-~2 ˝,ƒup and  -:2 Ď{,ƒflow depth above ground surface     -82 Ď^,ƒ at as many sites as possible    2 Ď#,ƒ–~(2 Ď+,ƒ such measurements     ‚2 â{O,ƒare useful for many reasons including improving forecast inundation models and s        j2 ő{?,ƒunderstanding impacts of tsunami inundation on building damage;         2 ő-,ƒ ~ 2 {,ƒ ~ -2 {,ƒ(2) -"2 ”,ƒtake geological I2 ü),ƒ samples of sediments left by the tsunamiq       - 2 !,ƒ ~ 2 ',ƒ–~(2 /,ƒ such samples help    ‹2 .{U,ƒwith the characterization of tsunami deposits providing highly valuable analogues to b          R2 A{/,ƒcompare with suspected palaeotsunami deposits; : B  BC  B  2 Aś,ƒ ~  2 T{,ƒ ~-2 g{,ƒ(3) -_2 g•8,ƒmeasure the type and severity of damage to different typ         "2 g*,ƒes of buildings   -2 g“,ƒ and d \2 z{6,ƒrecord what factors appeared to control damage levels       2 zň,ƒ–~52 zú,ƒ such data are valuable for ‹2 {U,ƒhelping revise building codes and design standards and for informing land use zoning b        82  {,ƒand planning decision making; ~   ~~  2  ś,ƒ ~  2 ł{,ƒ ~-2 Ć{,ƒ(4)  -;2 Ć— ,ƒcollect and measure information          G2 ĆŠ(,ƒabout the environmental and biophysical            - 2 Ů{,ƒsystem impacts  -A2 Ůŕ$,ƒ of the tsunami in different places     2 ŮĂ,ƒ–~A2 ŮË$,ƒ such work is helpful for exploring       ˆ2 ë{S,ƒmany aspects of conservation, ecosystem function analysis and environmental change g       #2 ţ{,ƒand management; Ç   2 ţś,ƒ ~  2 {,ƒ ~-ƒƒ,,ƒƒ,,ƒƒ,,ƒƒ,,ƒƒ,,‚‚,,‚‚++‚‚++‚‚++‚‚++‚‚++++**********€€**€€))ţ˙ŐÍ՜.“—+,ůŽ0L hp˜ ¨° ¸ŔČĐ Ř .ä University of New South WalesZˆ1' JPART II – Conducting Post-tsunami Field Surveys (before the field survey) Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456ţ˙˙˙89:;<=>ţ˙˙˙@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`ţ˙˙˙bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ Ą˘Ł¤ĽŚ§¨ŠŞŤŹ­ŽŻ°ą˛ţ˙˙˙´ľśˇ¸šşţ˙˙˙ý˙˙˙ý˙˙˙žţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Root Entry˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ŔFp’Š%ÇÂËŔ€Data ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙71Table˙˙˙˙?ŞCWordDocument˙˙˙˙0lSummaryInformation(˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙aŹŁDocumentSummaryInformation8˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙łCompObj˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙ ˙˙˙˙ ŔFMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9˛q