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Marine Country Profile Survey
The purpose of this document is to collect information on the national arrangements for oceanographic/marine/coastal research and associated data and information management, for the purpose of scoping the terms of reference of the Ocean Data and Information Network for the WESTPAC region.
COUNTRY: Japan
Your name: Yutaka MICHIDA (Dr.)
Your position: Professor
Your institution: University of Tokyo, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
Your address: 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
Your email: ymichida@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp
It is understood that you are providing this information on behalf of your country and that you have undertaken the necessary consultations with related national institutions in ocean research and observation and related data and information management, to obtain the best possible information for this survey.
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Geographical framework.
Japan is an island nation located off the eastern seaboard of the Eurasian continent. The Japanese archipelago stretches over 3,200 kilometers. Situated in the northern hemisphere, between approximately 20 degrees to 45 degrees north latitude stretching from north-east to south-west, it comprises the main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa, and more than 6,800 smaller islands of varying sizes. Its surface area totals 377,960 square kilometers, a figure equivalent to 0.3 percent of the global land mass. Mountains and hilly terrain account for 66.3 percent of the nations land area, plateau 13.0 percent, lowlands 17.2 percent, and inland bodies of water 3.5 percent.
Demography.
In 2012, Japan had a total population of 127 million. Japans population in 2012 was the tenth largest in the world, equivalent to 1.8 percent of the global total. Its population density measured 341.9 persons per square kilometer, for a ranking of ninth among countries with a population of 10 million or more.
Average life expectancy in Japan climbed sharply after World War II, and is today the highest of any country worldwide. In 2012, life expectancy for women was 86.41 year, compared to 79.94 years for men.
Economy.
GDP in Japan was worth 5,960 billion US dollars in 2012.
Coastal Resources Utilization and Development
Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Gross fisheries and aquaculture production was 5.31 million tons in 2010, which was equivalent to 148.26 billion US dollars.
The number of people engaged in fishing industries in 2010: 203,000
Manufacturing industries.
New ships built in 2011 were 19.37 million gross tons, which was the third largest in the world, equivalent to 19.0 % of the global total.
Ports and Harbours.
The number of ports/harbours: 996 (as of 1 April 2012)
The number of fishing ports: 2,914 (as of 1 October 2011)
Energy production.
Not identified.
Hydrocarbon Exploration and Exploitation.
The resources that are used for generating energy comprise fossil resources such as crude oil, natural gas, and coal, as well as uranium used as fuel for nuclear power generation. About 96 % of the energy resources supplied in Japan are imported from overseas. These energy resources are called primary energy.
Oil accounts for about 47 % of the primary energy supplied to Japan. Although this percentage has been declining from 77 % in the peak year of 1973, the share is still the largest of all energy resources.
Japan has progressively made efforts to secure independently developed crude oil resources for which Japan owns the right to explore or develop oil fields, and so forth. As a result, the ratio of crude oil resources independently developed by Japan improved gradually from about 8 % in FY 1973 to about 15 % in FY 2013, but is still far behind other countries.
For this reason, the government is promoting the technological development for the commercial production before any other country in the world for the purpose of using the methane hydrate as one of the future energy resources alternative to oil.
Mines and quarries.
Not identified.
Recreational industry and Tourism.
The number of pleasure boats including yachts: 303,516 (as of 2009)
Small-boat captains license holder: About 3.27 million people (as of 2011)
Marine Parks and Reserves.
Total area of marine parks and reserves was 1,994.4 hectares, the sum of 68 sites in 32 districts in 15 quasi-national parks.
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Institutional framework (Governmental structure).
National Policies related to the marine/coastal environment.
Basic Act on Ocean Policy [Effective July 2007]
Main Objectives: With regard to the oceans, to stipulate the basic principles as well as to formulate the basic plan with regard to the oceans and other basic matters with regard to the measures on the oceans in order to promote measures with regard to the oceans comprehensively and systematically.
Basic Plan on Ocean Policy [Effective March 2008]
Main Objectives: 1) To take lead role in addressing global challenges of the ocean. 2) To lay the foundation of sustainable utilization of abundant marine resources and marine space. 3) To contribute in the filed of marine-related activities to the realization of a secure and safe life of the people.
National marine data policy or other marine data policies being used.
International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) Policy.
International agreements and conventions undersigned by the Government.
UNCLOS, MARPOL, London Convention, OPRC, OPRC-HNS Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity, etc.
NATIONAL CAPABILITIES
National institutions of higher education and training related to marine/coastal research and management.
Major national universities providing courses related to marine sciences for undergraduate and graduate students:
Univ. of Tokyo, Hokkaido Univ., Tohoku Univ., Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Nagoya Univ., Kyoto Univ., Kobe Univ., Hiroshima Univ. Ehime Univ., Kyushu Univ., Nagasaki Univ., Kagoshima Univ., Ryukyu Univ., and many other universities having lectures and/or laboratories.
Major private universities:
Kitasato Univ., Tokai Univ., Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture, and some others
Research Institutes in educational sectors:
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute of The University of Tokyo (AORI/U Tokyo), Center for Marine Environmental Studies of Ehime Univ., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics of Kyushu Univ., and some others
National organizations involved in marine/coastal research and management (by sector).
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)
National Museum of Nature and Science
Japan Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department (JHOD)
Current operational relationships between the national organizations (diagram).
Same as the above item 2.1.
* Note: IOC-related issues are taken care of by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Current national arrangements for the management and archival of data and information related to marine/coastal research and management (by sector).
Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) has been acting as the national node for oceanographic data and information exchange in the framework of the IOC since mid-1960s, under close collaborations with national agencies and research institutes related to marine science in Japan. Marine Information Research Center (MIRC) of Japan Hydrographic Association has been playing a role in technical supports for oceanographic data management since mid-1990s.
Marine Information Clearing House (MICH) was established and has been operated as one of the actions required by the national basic plans of ocean policy.
Current human resources involved in marine/coastal research and management, as well as the management and archival of related data and information (by sector).
As some sort of possible estimation, there are approximately 2000 members and 3500 members in the Oceanographic Society of Japan (OSJ) and Japan Society for Fisheries Sciences (JSFS), respectively. The former is mainly for basic research in marine science and oceanography, while the latter, probably rather unique situation of Japan, is for fisheries sciences. Some of the scientists register both.
With regard to data and information management, about 100 technical staff members in total are responsible for them in related agencies including JODC, Japan Meteorological Agency, Fisheries Agency, JAMSTEC, and other.
Current available national data systems related to marine/coastal research and management, as well as the management and archival of related data and information (by sector).
The Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMal) operated by JAMSTEC
http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/bismal/e/index.html
JODC Data On-line Service System (J-DOSS) operated by JODC.
http://www.jodc.go.jp/service.htm
The above two websites can be accessed via Marine Information Clearinghouse (MICH)
Current available national libraries related to marine/coastal research and management, as well as the management and archival of related data and information (by sector).
Libraries in universities listed in the section 3.1 archive books and documents related to marine science. JODC and JAMSTEC have both been appointed as Japans national repository center for IOC-related documents.
NATIONAL NEEDS
Describe all national needs (organizational, educational, infrastructural) related to items 3.1-3.7 as well as any other.
N/A.
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