ࡱ> 685 -bjbjSS 4$11 DDDDDXXX8 X] "$ #FD*"**DD.*jDD*.)X-0]#RR##D$******]****#********* :  31.March.2016 Sustained Observations of Ocean Boundary Currents with Underwater Gliders Sustained observations of ocean boundary currents are essential to address operational oceanography, climate change, fisheries management and ecosystem management. These boundary currents are intense flows that transport heat and freshwater across the mid-latitudes from or towards the equator. For example, the Gulf Stream flow along the shelf break, moves offshore into deeper water and is an important mechanism for the transport of heat into the North Atlantic. To the north, the Labrador Current moves cool water and fresh water equatorward. These boundary currents strongly influence both the deep ocean and the continental shelves between which they flow. We have limited direct measurements of these flows and no coordinated global program for their measurement. While we have made great strides in recent years, in particular with the Argo program, in providing regular, sustained measurements of the upper ocean we have only intermittent measurements in the boundary current regions. As an example, we presently have some measurements of the Labrador Current in the Northwest Atlantic as part of the OSNAP program but these moorings are at a single transect along 53 o N and these data are not available in real time, nor are they part of a wider program of sustained, observations. To summarize there is a great need to make regular observations in these highly dynamics boundary current regions. In the following, we propose the use of underwater gliders as the appropriate technology to address this gap in our ocean observing systems. Autonomous underwater gliders developed over the last several years, and are now operated routinely, offer sustained fine resolution observations in both the coastal and open ocean. In typical use gliders profile from the surface to 500-1000 m, taking 3-6 h to complete a cycle from the surface to depth and back. During the cycle the gliders travel 3-6 km in the horizontal for a speed of about 1 km/h. Deployments of 3-6 months are now routine, during which time the gliders survey track extends well over 2000 km. In a few minutes at the surface, gliders obtain location by GPS and communicate data through the Iridium satellite phone system. Sensors on gliders measure such physical variables as pressure, temperature, salinity, and current, biological variables relevant to the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and ecologically important chemical variables such as dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrate. As pH sensors mature, gliders will provide excellent platforms for monitoring ocean acidification. Gliders may be deployed and recovered from a wide range of platforms, including small boats and chartered fishing vessels. A network of gliders would require several gliders to be dedicated to each of the ocean boundary currents systems, perhaps 1-5 gliders per key targeted region for a total of something approaching 60-75 gliders. This global network could be structured as the integration or coordination of a grouping of national or regional networks. For example several European nations could contribute to a global network with a focus on the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The capability to sustain such lines has been demonstrated for several years, in a number of locations around the world. A global network of 60-75 gliders is practical. Experience from the existing sustained operations suggest that the costs are manageable. The capital costs would be substantial but many gliders already exist in national and regional centers and could be contributed at the start of this program. Glider data is transmitted to shore in real time, so a global distribution and archiving scheme is essential. At present, glider data is received by servers and distributed in a variety of formats and through several protocols. Glider data are already distributed through the GTS network. Establishing a global glider server and asset map would simplify the distribution process for glider operators and data users alike. The standard format developed for glider data will make exchange more efficient. Standardizing procedures for quality control is a priority. Archiving this data in a world data center will ensure its continued availability to all users. This new initiative follows the path of Argo and other such coordinated international data collection initiatives to create data collection and management systems. Among the primary users of glider data are ocean modelers. Glider data has proven essential to constrain assimilating models of regional circulation. Improved real time data on ocean boundary currents, in region of great change, would fill a gap that presently exists in the Argo global data collection system. A complete observing and predicting system for the coastal ocean is the ultimate outcome. Pierre Testor CNRS - France Scott Glenn Rutgers University - USA Johannes Karstensen GEOMAR - Germany Dan Rudnick Scripps Institute of Oceanography USA Brad de Young Memorial University Canada ...      c   !"#$%&'()*,-jhi7UmHnHtHuhi7jh:oU h:oH*h:o h:o5dun:;<Z gdi7$a$$`a$ "#$%&'()*+,-$a$! 20p1/ =!"#8$8% ^# 666666666vvvvvvvvv66666686666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH T`T Normal *$$CJKHPJ_HaJmH nHsH tHd@d  Heading 2$$'B*phOOJQJCJ5PJtH aJ\\@\  Heading 3$$B*phOOJQJ5PJtH \DA D Default Paragraph FontVi@V 0 Table Normal :V 44 la (k ( 0No List DA D Default Paragraph Font`o` Heading 2 Char+5B*CJOJPJQJ\^JaJphOtH `o` Heading 3 Char+5B*CJOJPJQJ\^JaJphOtH Ho!H annotation referenceCJaJJo1J Comment Text CharCJOJQJaJVoAV Comment Subject Char5CJOJQJ\aJNoQN Balloon Text CharCJOJQJ^JaJNOrN Heading x$OJQJCJPJ^JaJ<B@r< Body Textd (/@q( List^JH"@H Caption xx $CJ6^JaJ].O. 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