ࡱ> (+%&'bjbjo>o> B T Tr186 |?t>""("""#J$;$$e+##++""]<]<]<+""]<+]<]<sJw"Yز4nt60?u.6lJwJw VyTK$e&]<'4)K$K$K$9K$K$K$?++++K$K$K$K$K$K$K$K$K$ :Restricted distribution IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.2 Agenda Item 4 Paris, 30 April 2017 English only INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (of UNESCO) Thirteenth Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 3-5 May 2017 INFORMATION ON HABP DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INTERSESSIONAL PERIOD Where reference in made to Information documents these can be found at  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-unesco.org/hab" www.ioc-unesco.org/hab under Documents, IPHAB-XIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT 1. Staffing 1.1 Staffing of the Programme Office 4 1.2 Science and Communication Centres 4 2. Regional groups and workshops 2.1 IOC Regional Work Group on Harmful Algae in South America 4 2.2 IOC Regional Work Group on Harmful Algae in the Caribbean 4 2.3 IOC/WESTPAC/HAB 5 2.4 IOC/HANA Regional Network for North Africa 5 EDUCATIONAL ELEMENTS 3. Information Network 3.1 Harmful Algae News 5 3.2 IOC HAB Internet Site 5 3.3 Harmful Algae Information System- HAIS 6 3.4 Co-sponsorship of conferences related to HAB 8 3.5 Provision of literature 8 3.6 Manuals and Guides 9 4. Training 4.1 HAB Training Programme: implemented courses 9 4.2 HAB Training Programme: planned courses 11 SCIENTIFIC ELEMENTS 5. Oceanography and Ecology 5.1 ICES-IOC Working Group- WGHABD 12 5.2 IOC-SCOR GlobalHAB 12 5.3 ICES-IOC-IMO Working Group- WGBOSV 12 5.4 Ciguatera, A Plan for Improved Research and Management 13 6. Taxonomy and Genetics 6.1 Task Team on Algal Taxonomy 13 7. Toxicology and Toxin Chemistry 7.1 Task Team on Aquatic Biotoxins 14 OPERATIONAL ELEMENTS 8. Monitoring & Management 8.1 IPHAB Task Team on HABs and Desalination of Sea Water 15 8.2 IPHAB Task Team on Harmful Algae and Fish Kills 15 Appendice I An overview of contributions to the IOC for development and implementation of the Harmful Algal Bloom Programme GEOHAB/GlobalHAB Funds 2014-2018 Appendice II Implementation of IPHAB-XII Resolutions and Recommendations PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT 1. Staffing 1.1 Staffing of the Programme Office The IOC Secretariat has one staff assigned to the HAB Programme. H. Enevoldsen is located at the decentralized Programme Office at the IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae at University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Denmark. The post for the HAB Programme is since June 2010 a permanent post. Administrative support is provided by Ms. Simonetta Secco located at IOC Headquarters, Paris. 1.2 HAB Science and Communication Centres The establishment of HAB Programme activity centres was proposed at the Twenty-fifth Session of the IOC Executive Council (Paris 10-18 March 1992) and the idea was further elaborated at the First Session of IPHAB (23-25 June 1992). At the Seventeenth Session of the IOC Assembly (Paris, 25 February-11 March, 1993), Denmark and Spain offered to host and establish Science and Communication Centres on Harmful Algae. The main purpose of the Centres is to provide the framework for systematic assistance in training and capacity building to developing countries with respect to harmful algae. The IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae in Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in May 1995. The Centre is a decentralized programme Office for the IOC HAB Programme and as support office for GEOHAB (jointly with the SCOR secretariat) and is staffed by Mr. Henrik Enevoldsen, Head of Centre, and Associate Professor Dr. Jacob Larsen. The Centre is hosted by, and located at, the Department of Biology with Professor . Moestrup as the focal point at the UCPH. Activities are centred on capacity building in identification of harmful algae and associated services. The partnership in the Copenhagen Centre was expanded through a formal memorandum of understanding with the Danish Natural History Museum in April 2013 to aloe for SNM staff to assist in capacity development activities and to develop joint projects to implement IOC HAB programme. The Centre operates on funds sought through UCPH and IOC and thus combines funds from IOC budget with project funds held at UCPH. 2. Regional groups and workshops 2.1 IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms in South America (COI-FANSA) The FANSA group have met in 1994 in Montevideo (Uruguay) and subsequently in Mar del Plata, Argentina (1995), Punta Arenas, Chile (1997), Rio Grande, Brazil (2000), Montevideo, Uruguay (2001), Guayaquil, Ecuador (2003), Lima, Peru (2006) Mar del Plata, Argentina (2008), Chile (2011) and has worked by correspondence and through ad hoc meetings since as the partial funding from IOC, under the IOC Science and Communication Centre in Vigo, has not been available. A major effort was the organization of the 17th International Conference on Harmful Algae, ICHA, in Brazil October 2016. FANSA will present its plan for 2018-2019. See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.7 2.2 IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms in the Caribbean (COI-ANCA) The main objective of ANCA is to improve the understanding of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Caribbean region and adjacent areas and the ability of national authorities to manage with the impacts. ANCA works to increase international cooperation, taking advantage of the existent knowledge in the region, to train researchers in countries where HABs knowledge is less advanced. To examine the advances of the group and to plan future activities, ANCA has organized workshops in Cuba 1998, Costa Rica 2002, Venezuela 2003, Colombia 2007, Mexico 2013, Cuba 2015, and the Dominican Republic 2016. See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.6. 2.3 IOC/WESTPAC HAB IOC/WESTPAC-HAB is chaired by Chair Dr. I. Mitsunori (Japan). See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.5. Harmful Algae of North Africa: HANA , a regional network The First IOC/HANA Workshop was held in Casablanca, Morocco, 2007, the Second in Alexandria in 2010, and the third in Casablanca, Morocco, 201. HAN has since worked by correspondence as the partial funding from IOC, under the IOC Science and Communication Centre in Vigo, has not been available. HANA will present its plan for 2018-2019. See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.8 EDUCATIONAL ELEMENTS INFORMATION NETWORK 3.1 HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS - an IOC newsletter on harmful algae and algal blooms; Issues Nos. 52-56 of Harmful Algae News have been published in the intersessional period. HAN is published whenever there is sufficient material for an issue. As from issue 45 2012 HAN is an e-newsletter. While HAN was a printed newsletter distributed as hard copies, the number of subscribers had stabilized just around 2,000. With the electronic distribution it is harder to monitor how far it reaches out. Drs. Beatriz Reguera and Eileen Bresnan act as the Eds-in-chiefs supported by a team of regional Editors; Caribbean: Ernesto Mancera; Europe: Philip Hess; Inia: K.B. Padmakumar; Western Pacific: Rhodora Azanzaand Po Teen Lim; North Africa: Hamid Taleb; North America: Patricia Tester and Jennifer Martin; South America: Luis Proenca; Africa: to be identified; and South Pacific: Mireille Chinain. HAN is produced by the IOC Centre in Copenhagen with the assistance of Leif Bolding at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen. HAN also serves as newsletter for the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA). Subscriptions and back issues are available at  HYPERLINK "http://ioc-unesco.org/hab" http://ioc-unesco.org/hab. 3.2 IOC HAB Internet Sites The main IOC HAB site at  HYPERLINK "http://hab.ioc-unesco.org" http://hab.ioc-unesco.org and the GlobalHAB site  HYPERLINK "http://www.globalhab.info" www.globalhab.info are maintained by the IOC HAB Centre with technical back-up by the IOC IODE Programme Office in Oostende, Belgium. The GlobalHAB site is co-edited by the Chair of the GlobalHAB SSC, Elisa Berdalet. The IOC HAB site allows for regional groups to edit their own subsite, but only HANA has a web site editor for the HANA pages. WESTPAC/HAB has a separate website at  HYPERLINK "http://iocwestpac.org/harmful-algal-bloom/67.html" http://iocwestpac.org/harmful-algal-bloom/67.html. All IOC websites will be rejuvenated and merge to a new platform during 2017. 3.3 HAB Data bases and Global HAB Status Report Following the lead of the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) consensus reporting mechanism, and to complement the World Ocean Assessment, the need has been expressed for a Global HAB Status Report compiling an overview of Harmful Algal Bloom events and their societal impacts; providing a worldwide appraisal of the occurrence of toxin-producing microalgae; aimed towards the long term goal of assessing the status and probability of change in HAB frequencies, intensities, and range resulting from environmental changes at the local and global scale. Previous IPHAB Sessions endorsed the development of an integrated Harmful Algal Information System (HAIS) in cooperation with the IOC International Ocean Data Information and Exchange Programme (IODE). The HAIS will when fully established consist of access to information on harmful algal events, harmful algae monitoring and management systems worldwide, current use of taxonomic names of harmful algae, and information on biogeography of harmful algal species. IPHAB-XI decided through Decision IPHAB-XI.2 to develop a Global HAB Status Report (GHSR). The GHSR will to a large extent build on HAIS, the HAEDAT and HABMAP (OBIS) data. This initiative is implemented with the financial support of the Government of Flanders through the IOC International Oceanographic Data Exchange Programme (IODE) and the components the joint IODE-IPHAB Harmful Algae Event Data Base (HAEDAT) and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), in partnership with ICES, PICES and IAEA and the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA). A network of data editors has been established and a data compilation template for HAB species has been developed for data to be entered into OBIS. This format is distributed to the editors network and the global literature review on HAB species occurrences is ongoing. Three regional one workshops have been held cooperation with IAEA Regional HAB projects in the Asia Pacific region, the Caribbean and for Africa. These regional workshops have significantly increased the number of countries contributing data. A centralized training workshop for data editors is planned for September 2017. Overall the data gathering process is delayed. IPHAB-IX requested that the regional networks and groups ANCA, FANSA, HANA and WESTPAC/HAB and their respective IOC sub-commissions and regional committees to include as a permanent Term of Reference the collation and submission of harmful algal event data to HAIS HAEDAT. ANCA has progressed through the above mentioned data workshop jointly with IAEA on data compilation and contribution to HAEDAT and OBIS. FANSA and HANA have included it in their Terms of Reference and have to start upload reports starting from 2000. WESTPAC/HAB has not included it in its ToR. However, certain WESTPAC countries have via regional IAEA projects started sharing data in HAEDAT for 2015-2016. The PICES HAB Section is yearly submitting HAEDAT reports and has taken action to complete data submission of all PICES countries starting from 2000. ICES contribute data annually via the ICES-IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics (WGHABD). OBIS focuses on the global distribution of HAB species toxic to humans and fish as covered by the IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference list of Harmful MicroAlgae, while HAEDAT has a broader scope of all HAB events that adversely impact on human society whether by high biomass (clogging of fishing nets, beach closures), aquaculture fish kills, or seafood toxin events leading to shellfish farm closures, human poisonings or even human deaths. As of 1/3/2017 HAEDAT comprises 4528 records, but these are very unevenly distributed around the globe. South American, African and South East Asian records are largely missing, while the most comprehensive data sets derive from the East and West Coast of North America, Northern and Southern Europe, Mediterranean and North Asia (incl. Japan). Smaller data sets are building up in Australia/New Zealand, the Pacific and Caribbean. Globally, seafood toxins (48%) have by far the greatest impact on human society. In Europe DSP is the dominant problem, replaced by PSP in North America, and ciguatera (CFP) in the Pacific. Screening regional data sets no conclusive evidence so far emerges for a consistent trend of increase in HAB events. Different regions and countries suffer from different types of HABs, and this is also reflected in the way countries/regions enter their data. North America (ECA, WCA) and Europe (NEU, SEU) operate highly sophisticated shellfish toxin monitoring programs which often report high target species abundances even in the absence of toxin data or shellfish farm closures. The effectiveness of these programmes is well reflected in the fact that only 1.5% of events involve human poisonings. On the other hand, Pacific HAEDAT data exclusively are based on human ciguatera poisonings diagnosed by medical practioners (99% human poisonings) but without any associated microalgal or toxin data being collected. Quality assurance of data to guarantee uniform reporting standards will be a major challenge. OBIS HAB species occurrence data are still incomplete, and heavily biased by European records. It is noted that only 2 Gambierdiscus records so far are included. Available data for the key target species Alexandrium, Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia exhibit an increase in frequency over the past 10-20 years, undoubtedly reflective of increased awareness and increased monitoring. While the jury is still out, there does exist agreement however that HAB-related costs to human society have increased simply because of our (1) increasing human population and (2) ever increasing need to exploit marine resources. With this has come (3) an increased awareness of harmful species, as reflected in the exponential increase in HAB literature. In some coastal regions of the world evidence is building up of changes in HABs possibly related to: (4) Stimulation of algal blooms by cultural eutrophication and/ or (5) Extreme or changing climatological conditions; and (6) Transport of dinoflagellate resting cysts either in ships ballast water; or (7) Associated with translocation of shellfish stocks from one area to another. The relative importance of these drivers is debated on a case by case basis. In a continuing series of HAB Status reports, we will describe and reassess iconic regional cases of changes in HABs, but once the data base expands in global coverage the focus will increasingly switch to analyzing global trends as covered by SCOR Working Group 137 and now continued with IOCWG TrendsPO. A GHSR editors meeting was convened in Monaco in April 2016; a GHSR information session was scheduled during ICHA17 in Brazil in Oct 2016; A special issue of the journal Harmful Algae is planned for 2018. All nominated country/region task team members, and representatives of the regional groups ANCA, FANSA, HANA, WESTPAC/HAB, PICES etc. to contribute to data compilation, notably for areas that are currently poorly covered. Whether an apparent global increase in distribution, frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms is occurring, has been a recurrent topic of discussion at conferences dealing with harmful algal blooms. We hope that the establishment of above data bases will settle this question once and for all, and identify the key environmental drivers for HABs. Until 2015 IOC maintained an IOC-ICES meta data base on design and implementation of hab monitoring programmes, MON-DAT. The MON-DAT metadatabase contains information on the design and implementation of harmful algae monitoring and management systems from all over the world. MON-DAT include data from countries that have responded to the questionnaire circulated by the Secretariat. Update of MON-DAT is postponed until it has been integrated into a new Harmful Algal Event Information System and it is unavailable on-line until then. 3.4 IOC co-sponsorship of ISSHA International Conferences on Harmful Algae The HAB Programme has for two decades cosponsored the ISSHA International Conferences on Harmful Algae. However, as it is no longer policy of the IOC to directly financially sponsor conferences, the ICHA17 in Florianopolis, Brazil October 2016 was institutionalized co-sponsored by the IOC. Harmful Algae News continues to have an issue dedicated to a summary of the Conference. Proceedings will be published as a publication of the International Society for the Study of Harmful algae (ISSHA). 3.5 Provision of literature The provision of HAB related literature to scientist in developing countries has been taken care of by the IOC HAB Centre in Copenhagen and through WESTPAC/HAB. As many of the titles list below are now available on-line via the IOC web site, the Centres have experienced a dramatic decline in the requests for hard copies. The book grants offered include the titles listed below. -GEOHAB: HABs in eutrophic systems. Glibert, P. (ed.). IOC and SCOR, Paris and Baltimore, 2006 -Manual on aquatic cyanobacteria. A photo guide and a synopsis of their toxicology. Cronberg, G. & Annadotter, H.. (Eds.), ISSHA and IOC of UNESCO, Copenhagen, 2006 -GEOHAB: GEOHAB Core Research Project: HABs in Upwelling Systems. Pitcher, G. et al. (eds.). SCOR and IOC, Baltimore and Paris, 2005 -Harmful Algal Management and Mitigation. Hall, S. et al, APEC, 2004 -Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, Hallegreaff, G. et al. (eds.), UNESCO Publishing 2003 and 2004 -Red tides. Okaichi, T. (eds.), Ocean Sciences Research (OSR). Terra Scientific Publishing Company & Kluwer Academic Publisher. Japan, 2003 -Molluscan Shellfish Safety, Villalba A. et al(eds.), Consellera de Pesca e Asuntos Martimos da Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO, 2003 -GEOHAB. Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, Implementation Plan. P. Glibert and G. Pitcher (eds.) SCOR and IOC, 2003 -Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Harmful Algae Blooms, G. Hallegraeff et al. (eds.), UNESCO, 2002 -LIFEHAB Life history of microalgal species causing harmful blooms. Garcs, E. et al. (Eds.), Environment and Sustainable Development Programme, European Communities, 2002. -Floraciones Algales Nocivas en el Cono Sur Americano, E.A. Sar et al. (eds.), 2002. -Monitoring and Management Strategies for Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters, D. M. Anderson et a (eds.) , APEC Report # 201-MR-01.1, APEC Programme and IOC of UNESCO, Technical Series No. 59, Paris, France ,2001 -GEOHAB. Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, Science Plan. P. Glibert and G. Pitcher (eds.) SCOR and IOC, 2001 -Potentially Harmful Microalgae of the Western Indian Ocean. A Guide based on a preliminary survey. IOC Manuals and Guides No. 41, IOC of UNESCO 2001. -Technical Guide for Modern Dinoflagellate Cyst Study, Matsuoka, K., and Fukuyo, Y. WESTPAC-HAB/WESTPAC-IOC, 2000 -Algae, Graham, L.E., Wilcox, L.W. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000 -Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, Chorus, I., and Bartram, J., WHO, 1999 -Los dinoflagelados del Atlntico Sudoccidental. Balech, E., Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentacin, Madrid, 1998 -Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton, Yasumoto, T. et al. (eds.), IOC of UNESCO, 1996 -Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Harmful Algae, Reguera, B. et al. (eds.), Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO, 1998 -Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Pyrodinium Red Tides. Hallegraeff, G. M. et al. (eds.),. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 21,1989 -The Genus Alexandrium Halim, E. Balech, Sherkin Island Marine Station, Cork, Ireland, 1995 - Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, C. Tomas et al. (eds.), Academic Press, USA, 1997 -The Biology of Dinoflagellates, F.J.R. Taylor (ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987 -Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms, D. Anderson et al. (eds.), NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Bermuda,1998 -Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, I.Falconer (ed.), Academic Press, London,1993 -Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography, S.W. Jeffrey et al. (eds.), UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1997 -Proceedings of the First International Congress on Toxic Cyanobacteria, . Moestrup et al. (eds.), 1996 3.6 Manuals and Guides An Inventory of toxic and harmful microalgae of the world Ocean / Inventaire des micro-algues toxiques et nuisibles de l'ocan mondial, by by Nicolas Chomrat, Philipp Hess, Elisabeth Nzan and Patrick Lassus was published in 2016 by ISSHA and IOC of UNESCO as IOC Manuals and Guides No. 69. A summary is available at  HYPERLINK "http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=247767&set=0058E1FFF2_1_167&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1" http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=247767&set=0058E1FFF2_1_167&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 . The publication was made possible thought eh financial support of Monaco. An IOC-IAEA Guide for Designing and Implementing a Plan to Monitor Toxin-Producing Microalgae, was published as IOC Manuals & Guides no 59. This manual is intended as an introduction to basic analytical techniques that can be applied when designing a standard sampling protocol for both planktonic and benthic microalgae (and associated environmental conditions) and vectors of biotoxins (shellfish and fish). This standardization of methods will enable more robust data comparisons between countries and will yield improved risk assessments of potentially toxic HABs events.  HYPERLINK "http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002145/214510e.pdf" http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002145/214510e.pdf TRAINING 4.1. HAB Training and Capacity Building Programme The HAB Training and Capacity Enhancement Programme was originally adopted by IPHAB-VI as composed of 4 main modules on species identification, toxin chemistry and toxicology, design of monitoring, and management. See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.9 for an overview of courses implemented between 1993 and 2017. A total of approx. 1500 people were trained, 40 through individual training stays at the IOC-Sciences and Communication Centres and the remainder participating in the +120 courses organized all over the world. The gender ratio of all the trainees is in the range 40% males and 60% females. In order to strengthen the implementation of capacity development initiatives a close cooperation has developed with IAEA to coordinates initiatives and on a case to case basis make use of and support each others CD activities. A detailed report on IAEA CD activities on HAB will be given under Agenda item 5. For a decade the IOC HAB Centre Copenhagen had with the Marine Institute (Ireland) an agreement with The Biological Effects Quality Assurance in Monitoring Programmes (BEQUALM) project which was initiated in 1998 as an EU funded research programme. BEQUALM aimed to develop appropriate quality standards for a wide range of biological effects techniques and devise a method for monitoring compliance of laboratories generating data from these techniques for national and international monitoring programmes. This initiative thus provided a Quality Assurance (QA) system for biological effects techniques and operated self-financing on the basis of fees recovered from participants. As BEQUALM ceased as a framework, this activity has from 2016 continued as the International Phytoplankton Intercomparison (IPI), the Marine Phytoplankton Enumeration and Identification Quality Assurance. IPI is an international partnership to provide enumeration and identification quality assurance in marine phytoplankton. The IPI is implementing its intercomparison exercises through the Marine Institute Ireland in cooperation with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC) through its Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The IPI operates according to the ISO standards 17043 Conformity assessment-General requirements for proficiency testing and ISO13528 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by inter-laboratory comparisons. IPI is currently applying for accreditation for 2017 under ISO17043 to the Irish national Accreditation Board (INAB) for the IPI to be accredited as a proficiency testing scheme. The IPI will have a board consisting of representatives of the Marine Institute and IOC UNESCO. These members can invite additional partners to be represented on the board. The IPI management of finances and payments is via the Marine Institute, Ireland. At present, the main parameters measured under the IPI exercise are the composition and abundance of marine phytoplankton in preserved marine water samples. We are studying the possibility of including biovolume and carbon content calculation to the scheme as a measure of biomass which may be needed in the future for some laboratories working under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) rules. The water quality EN documents EN14996, Water quality - Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the aquatic environment and EN 15204, Water quality - Guidance standard for the routine analysis of phytoplankton abundance and composition using inverted microscopy (Utermhl technique) do not include how to estimate biovolume in water. Thats why the CEN/TC 230 (WP7) draft guidance document was developed in 2014; a European standard on the estimation of algal biovolume as a development and improvement of standards in support of the WFD. It describes a general procedure for the determination or estimation of biovolume of marine and freshwater phytoplankton taxa using the inverted microscopy (Utermhl technique). The determination of phytoplankton abundance and composition according to EN 15204 is a precondition for the calculation of the biovolume of a phytoplankton samples. The IPI is a partnership of agencies, quality control entities and organizations with interest in phytoplankton monitoring and quality control. Partnership will allow for endorsement on IPI certificates of proficiency by national or regional partners where this will enhance the value of certificates to participants in the proficiency testing. Courses and training implemented 2015-2017: Courses and training implemented 2015-2017 by IOC or by IOC for or with partners: 4.1.1. HAB Identification Training Course, Ban-Ilan University, Israel, 22-26 January 2017 4.1.2. International Phytoplankton Intercalibration (IPI): Marine Institute (Ireland) IOC, April-May using OceanTeacher and Workshop, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 27 November 1 December 2016. 4.1.3. KISR-IOC Taxonomy and Ecology of Marine Dinoflagellates, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, 13 24 November 2016 4.1.4. IOC-SCOR-NatMIRC Training Course in Identification of Harmful Marine Microalgae, National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Namibia, 19 September 4 October 2016 4.1.5. IAEA-IOC basic training in HAB identification (BSc level), Agadir, Morocco, 29 August 9 September 2016 4.1.6.IOC-Training Course and Identification Qualification in Harmful Microalgae. E-learning June-July. Practical course University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 7-20 August 2016. 4.1.7 IOC/WESTPAC/HAB Regional Training Course on Identification of Harmful Algal Bloom Species in the ASEAN Region, Singapore, 18-22 July 2016 4.1.8. IOC-IAEA Advanced course, University of Copenhagen, 29 Nov 12 December 2015 4.1.9.International Phytoplankton Intercalibration (IPI): Marine Institute (Ireland) IOC, April-May using OceanTeacher and Workshop, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 8-12 November 2015. 4.1.10. Advanced Phytoplankton Course 11, University of Copenhagen and Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Naples, Italy, 4-10 October 2015 4.1.11. IOC-IAEA course, Regional training course on benthic and planktonic phytoplankton collection and identification for regulaory application, Casablanca, Morocco, 31 August 11 September 2015. 4.1.12. IOC-Training Course and Identification Qualification in Harmful Microalgae. E-learning June-July. Practical course University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 10-21 August 2015. 4.1.13. IAEA Workshop on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) Field Monitoring (RAS7026 project), Institute Louis Malard, French Polynesia, Tahiti, 2-7 March 2015 4.1.14. IAEA Basic course on HAB identification, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Muscat, 15-26 March 2015 4.2 Planned courses: 4.2.1. IOC Training Course and Identification Qualification in Harmful Marine Microalgae, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, E-learning May-June, practical course and examination August 2017. 4.2.2. International Phytoplankton Intercalibration (IPI): Marine Institute (Ireland) IOC, April-May using OceanTeacher and Workshop, December 2017 4.2.3. IAEA-IOC, Follow-up training course (RAF7014), advanced level (MSc level), 2017 4.2.4. IAEA-IOC, Workshop in culture techniques (RAF7014), 2017 4.2.5. USP-IOC Basic training in bHAB identification, University of South Pacific, Fiji, Novermber 2017 4.2.6. IOC Training Course and Identification Qualification in Harmful Marine Microalgae, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, E-learning May-June, practical course and examination August 2018. 4.2.7. Advanced Phytoplankton Course 12, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn/ University of Copenhagen, 2018. SCIENTIFIC ELEMENTS ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 5.1 ICES-IOC Working Group on the Dynamics of Harmful Algal Blooms- WGHABD The WGHABD (Chair: Eileen Bresnan, UK) met April 2016 in Brest, France and April 2017 in Helsinki, Finland. The reports are available as Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.13. The main joint activities are HAEDAT and review of scientific issue relevant to GlobalHAB. IPHAB can formulate tasks / terms of reference for WGHABD. 5.2 IOC-SCOR International Science Programme - GlobalHAB The Mission and Terms of Reference of the new IOC-SCOR programme GlobalHAB were presented at IPXAB-XII. In response to Decision IPHAB-XII.1. HABs in a Changing World: A Global Approach to HAB Research to Meet Societal Needs, GlobalHAB the GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee was established covering relevant areas of expertise required for implementation of the programme, taking into account gender and geographic representation. The list was proposed at the SCOR Annual General Meeting in Goa, December 2015 and approved. The GlobalHAB programme was formally launched in January 2016. The GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) held its first meeting at the Scottish Association for Ocean Sciences (SAMS) in Oban (Scotland, UK) on March 8-10, 2016. Several Terms of Reference of GlobalHAB (presented at the SCOR Annual Meeting in 2014 and the 2015 XII Session IOC/IPHAB) specify the essential link of GlobalHAB with other international entities that have HABs among their scientific research interests. At the first GlobalHAB SSC meeting, some of these entities (GEO/Blue Planet, GOOS/EuroGOOS, IAEA, ICES, IOCCG, IPHAB, ISSHA, PICES) were represented by their liaisons. Draft versions of the Plan were presented at SCOR and during the ICHA meeting (see next). In January 2017, the first complete draft of the Plan was sent for evaluation by a 9 expert external panel. In parallel the SSC has worked on the development of the webpage (to be active in mid 2017 at www.globalhab.info). The draft Science and Implementation plan was presented 5-7 September 2016 at the SCOR Annual General Meeting and was well received. On 12 October 2016, the GlobalHAB program was introduced to the HAB community at a Town Hall session held within the 16th International Conference on Harmful Algae, in Florianpolis, Brazil. This venue (http://icha2016.com/about/), with attendance of most members of the GlobalHAB SSC, allowed formally initiating GlobalHAB and inviting the international community to actively participate in the programme. The meeting facilitated communication with the international community studying HABs and implementation initiatives were presented and discussed by the attendants. GlobalHAB SSC held its second meeting at the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (SZN) in Naples (Italy) on 28-30 March, 2017. A main objective of this meeting was to elaborate the final version of the Science and Implementation Plan of GlobalHAB taking into consideration the evaluation by an external panel. A more detailed last report on activities and outcome 2015-2017 and activites planned for 2018-2019, is available in document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.11. 5.3 ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors IPHAB-II requested the IPHAB Chair and the Programme Office to further investigate the possibilities and need for interaction with the activities of IMO and ICES. IPHAB-III adopted Recommendation IPHAB-III.3 on a Working Group on Transfer of Phytoplankton by Ballast of Ships. In response to this recommendation a Joint ICES-IOC-IMO Study Group on Ballast Water and Sediments was established. The ICES/IOC/IMO Study Group on Ballast Water and Sediments [SGBWS] was later been renamed the "ICES/IOC/IMO Study Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors [SGBOSV] and is now the ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV). WGBOSV met in 2016 in under the chairmanship of Dr. Sarah A. Bailey (Canada, Sarah.Bailey@dfo-mpo.gc.ca.) in Oblia, Italy and March, Woods Hole, USA in 2017. WGBOSV reports are available at http://www.ices.dk/ and as Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.15. 5.4 Ciguatera, A Plan for Improved Research and Management At IPHAB-XI it was recommended to develop a strategy for better understanding of and management of Ciguatera and to seek multi UN agency involvement; Recommendation IPHAB-XI.2. IPHAB-XII adopted to establish an IPHAB Task Team through Decision IPHAB-XII.5. Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.14. A meeting of the Task Team was held in October 2016 during ICHA in Brazil to pass on leadership of the implementation of the strategy to Mireille Chinain, Marie-Yasmine Bottein and Philipp Hess. An interagency meeting was held in December 2015 with IAEA, FAO and WHO at FAO Headquarters in Rome to initiative an inter-agency initiative. FAO and WHO have taken the initiative further in Codex Alimentarius Commission. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between UNESCO/IOC and WHO on a number of issues. Ciguatera has been given explicit priority in this MoU. A meeting of the new implementation leaders was held in Paris on 13 March 2017 to discuss implementation phase. As a function of this meeting a survey was designed to activate the implementation team. At the meeting, it was also decided that a white paper would be written to outline the prioritisation of the implementation. A survey was carried out with ca. 100 scientists from the thematic area. Response was approximately 45% in 20 days. A good geographical spread was obtained with respondents from US, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia), to a lesser degree Indian Ocean and Africa. A project database has been created in Excel format, over 30 recently completed or ongoing projects are listed. Many key institutions work on the topic, e.g. NOAA have listed projects since 2004 and IAEA have initiated a number of projects since 2015. A literature database was established (EndNote format) from the Web of Science and grey literature, containing 1306 bibliographic references from 1965 2017. A specific session was dedicated to CFP, Gambierdiscus ecology and toxins produced at the 17th ICHA in Brazil. TAXONOMY AND GENETICS 6.1 IPHAB TASK TEAM ON ALGAL TAXONOMY The Task Team was established through Resolution IPHAB-II.1. The Terms of Reference were updated by IPHAB-III to XII. Chair is Prof. . Moestrup (Denmark). The core activity of the Task Team is the continued development and maintenance of the IOC Taxonomic Reference List, which is part of the World Register of Marine Species (WORMS) at  HYPERLINK "http://www.marinespecies.org/hab/index.php" http://www.marinespecies.org/hab/index.php. The List is being updated regularly, and new species found to be toxic are being added. The number of known toxic species keeps growing and presently stands at 27 species of diatoms (up from 15 two years ago), 8 haptophytes (unchanged), 2 pelagophytes (new), 127 dinoflagellates (up from 84 two years ago), 6 raphidophytes (unchanged), 3 dictyochophytes (unchanged), 35 cyanobacteria (mostly new, the list slowly increasing in number when the literature has been checked, some of it difficult to obtain), in total 208 species (from 112). At IPHAB-Xi in 2013 it was recommended to include the cyanobacteria, both freshwater and marine, and when the list is complete the number of toxic cyanobacteria will probably triple from the number presently in the list. Significant changes since IPHAB-XII include the increase in number of toxic diatoms and dinoflagellates. The list generally includes species which are toxic to humans or to fish, but some additional species are now included which have a harmful effect on mussels, most notably the pelagophyceans Aureococcus and Aureoumbra . The information on toxicity of the individual species is presently being updated. While the List was initially mainly a list of names with correct author citation, the information on each species has increased, and only time constraints limit the amount of information to include. The entry on Pseudo-nitzschia seriata may serve as an example of the information we hope to include under each species. It contains information on how to identify the species, and we are presently considering the possibility of including electronic keys to identification of the species within each genus. A key will obviously have to include all known species of the genus, but the list will still contain only known toxic ones. The naming of individual species is done in cooperation with AlgaeBase, ensuring that the same name is used in both lists. While this works well, AlgaeBase uses a system of classification at levels above class level which is not commonly used by phycologists (Biota, Harosa, Khakista, etc), but which we will have to live with for the time being. In other words, until we agree on an alternative, less exotic, classification, which is more in line with classification systems used by phycologists. TOXICOLOGY AND TOXIN CHEMISTRY 7.1 IPHAB TASK TEAM ON AQUATIC BIOTOXINS The Terms of reference for the Task Team are given in Decision IPHAB-XII.6. Chair is Dr. P. Hess (France). The Progress Report is submitted to IPHAB-XIII. Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.17 Following the 33rd Session of the Codex Committee on Fish and Fisheries Products, appendix II of the report to the Codex Alimentarius Committee recommends method performance characteristics for fours toxins groups determined by chemical methods (REP14/FFP, appendix II, page 33). A joint FAO/WHO working group was established in 2015 to determine TEFs for individual toxin analogues to facilitate chemical analysis. The TEF-WG met physically in February 2016 and a report was published in 2016: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5970e.pdf There has been extensive contact with leading scientists and scientific organisations to ensure that the latest and most robust science is available to the Task Team in discharging its responsibilities, for details see document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.17. As part of intensifying coordination with and advise the Task Team on the Harmful Algal Information System regarding the use of toxin names and the inclusion of background data on toxins, a major literature review was published: Lassus P., Chomrat N., Hess P., Nzan E. (2016) Toxic and Harmful Microalgae of the World Ocean / Micro-algues toxiques et nuisibles de locan mondial. Denmark, International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae / Inergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. IOC Manuals and Guides, 68. (bilingual English / French). This book was peer-reviewed by Beatriz Reguera (ISSHA Past President) and jvind Moestrup (IPHAB Task Team on Taxonomy). With respect to advising the Task Team Harmful Algae and Fish Kills on aspects of toxinology, including cyanobacterial toxins, no request had been received. Whereas the interaction with the Task Team for the development of a Ciguatera strategy had advance to an extent where he had taken over as Lead of the implementation phase (toxins, detection methods, risk assessment and monitoring strategies) in October 2016. The Task Team had also participated in updating of the GlobalHAB science and implementation plan on biotoxin aspects. It had not been feasible to participate in the organization of any training workshops for toxin detection, monitoring and management. Regarding participation in elaboration of FAO code of practice for safe shellfish production, no invitation had been received as FAO judges it was not feasible to include biotoxin aspects into the best practice guide. The Task Team recommends on revised priorities for research, capacity development and engagement with regulatory bodies to address the most pressing issues and threats posed by HAB toxins in the marine environment. This includes i) STX by LC-MS/MS method validation, ii) TTX risk evaluation: Dutch Working Group and ongoing at EFSA; iii) CFP Strategy implementation: ongoing at Codex level, with IAEA; and iv) a TEF-report of FAO/WHO feed back to Codex. OPERATIONAL ELEMENTS MONITORING MANAGEMENT 8.1 HABs and Desalination of Sea Water At IPHAB-XII, the decision was made (through Decision IPHAB-XII.5) to continue the Task Team on HABs and Desalination of Seawater, chaired by Dr Donald M. Anderson. There has during the intersession had been great progress on the activity - Provide assistance as needed in the writing and editing a Guidance Manual on HABS and Desalination, and work with the IOC Secretariat to explore co-sponsorship and co-publication of the Manual, as well as the use of IOC-UNESCO channels for broad distribution and dissemination. This has been a major effort, and at this stage, the Manual is well under way, with11 chapters, 5 appendices, and more than 500 pages of text. Most of the chapters are in final editing stages, and some are already copy edited and ready for publication. It will take several months more to complete the remaining chapters, and the copy editing. He reported that he had also been exploring additional possible donors for the printing, but had no firm commitments yet, with several inquiries outstanding, and at least one optimistic option for a co-sponsor. No contact has been made with the WHO or FAO - as that effort would be facilitated by the completion of the Manual, and the provision on the chapters on toxin removal and risk assessment. Likewise, there has been no discussion on the planning of another conference. Once initiated, that is a very time-consuming activity, and so no steps will be taken in that direction until the manual is completed. 8.2 IPHAB Task Team on Harmful Algae and Fish Kills The Terms of reference for the Task Team are given in Decision IPHAB-XII.7. Co-chairs are Dr. R. Gowen (UK) and Allan Cembella (Germany). The issue is of global concern, which is reflected in the agendas of several strong international research groups. For example, an ICES working group efforts to quantify the cases of fish-killing algae in the North Atlantic area and to document deficiencies in the understanding of the processes controlling the occurrence of fish-killing and the factors that cause fish mortality. This study concludes that the presence of fish-killing algae, through the production of toxins, is a serious problem regionally and globally and that therefore there is need for a detailed assessment of the extent of the problem and the main gaps in our knowledge. The Task Team is charged with an international comprehensive initiative to quantify the extent of the problems caused by fish-killing algae globally, in order to stimulate research to develop a better understanding of long-term changes in HABS driven by climate and other factors by collecting and analyze time series of toxic algae and related events and publish a global synthesis on ichthyotoxic algae, biogeography of events, mechanisms of toxicity mechanisms and mitigation strategies (a "state-of-the-art"). The Task Team is proposing an advanced international colloquium on this subject, including an associated workshop and practical demonstration techniques: An advanced International colloquium and technical workshop on fish-killing algae and their effects The advanced colloquium will be organized under the auspices of and with additional support from the IOC UNESCO ICES, PICES, and SCOR-IOC GlobalHAB An international advisory board will be composed of IOC Task Team: A. Cembella (Germany) (Chairman), P. Hess (France), M. Wells (PICES); G. Hallegraeff (Australia), R. Azanza (Philippines), Y. Fukuyu (Japan) Proposed periods (spring 2018) Estimated participants (30 to 50 researchers) Goal: Synthesis and overview of current knowledge about the fish-killing microalgae Identify gaps in knowledge and understanding of the diversity of species, flowering dynamics, ecophysiology, toxin mechanisms and ecological effects Describe scenarios of future research needs and initiatives Targeted to experts and placement agents in the aquaculture sector "Technical Workshop" - practical demonstrations on the identification and behavior (microscopy and molecular probes) art; toxicity mechanisms (cells, tissues and whole animal bioassays); gene regulation (molecular biology); toxin structures and quantification (analytical chemistry); monitoring field and surveillance technology Themes; Context and synthesis of the global problem I. pathogenic microorganisms - Taxonomy and Phylogeny II. Processes and mechanisms Bloom dynamics - environmental drivers & modeling Metazoan grazing interactions Heterotrofi - Mixotrofi in fish-killing algae Autecology and ecophysiology of functional groups of species The role of bacteria, viruses and parasites Mechanisms and regulation of toxicity III. Environmental and socio-economic impacts IV. Monitoring and mitigation strategies V. technological innovations and their application Practical workshop themes: I. molecular tools; in situ and remote observational systems; analytical and structural chemistry; bioassays and toxinological approaches; behavioral and physiological measurements on target species II. Future perspectives and requirements research Agenda of the colloquium and technical workshop: Invited experts to provide state-of-art overview on each topic: - Enhanced presentations (e.g., 1 hour) - Lead follow up discussion - Writing a book chapter (with select co-authors) Demonstration Workshop Leaders: - Lead demonstration trials (with the group in rotation and active participation) Results and deliverables of the colloquium and workshops: 1. A progress report on the fish-killing algae and their effects 2. A state-of-knowledge book (eg published by IOC, Cembella, Hansen & Hallegraeff, editors) with technological innovations and future perspectives for research: - Chapters to be provided by each plenary invited expert on their topic - Draft chapters to be delivered at the meeting (for editorial consideration and subsequent amendments) APPENDICE I. RESOURCES DIRECTLY AVAILABLE TO THE IOC FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATIONOF THE IOC HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM PROGRAMME This is not an actual account (for this see documentation which will be available for the IOC Assembly June 2015). 2014-2015 IOC-UNESCO REGULAR PROGRAMME IOC HAB Programme Regular Budget 2014-2015 IOC HAB Programme Regular Budget 2016-2017 (* hereof 43.905 foreseen) 1 IOC Staff US Dollars 34.000 79.000*EXTRA-BUDGETARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE IOC: Belgium (Flanders) (for GHSR/ OBIS and HAEDAT) 2014-2017 /120.00 over 4 years) Monaco (for publication of Inventaire des micro-algues toxiques et nuisibles de l'ocan mondial, by Lassus et al)  60.000 16.000SPONSORSHIP OF ACTIVITIES AND FUNDS ADMINISTERED AT THE SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION CENTRES: Denmark: -University of Copenhagen: IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, staff, operation and activities, 2016-2017:  130.000  GlobalHAB Funds 2014-2018 Income20152016201720182019Carry-over from previous year$58.419$91.733$81.447$30.244$14.578SCOR/US NSF$13.333$36.666$26.666$13.333?IOC$34.000$6.000$6.000$10.000$10.000Total$105.752$134.399$97.394$53.577$24.578 Appendice II: IMPLEMENTATION OF IPHAB-XII RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CodeTitleImplementationDecision IPHAB-XII.1 Task Team on Algal TaxonomyHABs in a Changing World: A Global Approach to HAB Research to Meet Societal Needs: GlobalHABImplemented / under implementation, see Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.11Decision IPHAB-XII.2 Task Team on Biotoxin RegulationRegional HAB Programme DevelopmentPartly implemented as only some regional groups met 2015-2017 and progressed on HAEDAT. See Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.5 to Inf.8 and Inf.12 Decision IPHAB-XI.3 IOC HAB Training and Capacity Building ProgrammeTask Team on the development of a Global HAB Status Report.Delayed / partly implemented see Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.17Decision IPHAB-XII.4 IPHAB operation regarding GEOHABTask Team on a Global Inter-Agency Ciguatera Strategy for Improved Research and Management Implemented / under implementation see Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.14Decision IPHAB-XII.5 Regional HABP DevelopmentTask Team on Harmful Algae and Desalination of SeawaterDelayed / partly implemented see Document IOC/IPHAB-XIII/Inf.2Decision IPHAB-XII.6Task Team on Biotoxin Monitoring, Management and RegulationsPartly implemented Tor (iii), (iv), (v), and (x) to be completed. 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