аЯрЁБс>ўџ ?Aўџџџ>џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС9 №П„bjbj§Я§Я 6>ŸЅŸЅФџџџџџџlДДДШШШШШфtШOИdddddw w w †ˆˆˆˆˆˆ$ ' Ќ]Дw s w w w Ќ= dd = = = w ЦldДd†= w †= Ъ=  ЦЊˆ,ДbdX а­Џ?е‚ХШШ= :b$0ON3= 3b= ШШй Toxin distribution and poisoning events in China Before the 1990s, HAB monitoring was coordinated together with routine marine environmental monitoring. Now, there are 23 dedicated monitoring and control zones for HABs along the Chinese coast. The provincial oceanic and fishery bureaus are responsible for the monitoring activities. HAB data in China includes location, time, area, causative species and economic loss of each event. Several studies on PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) toxins in shellfish and its causative organisms have been focused in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in southern coast regions of China. In Hong Kong, PSP toxins were first detected in shellfish samples in Tolo Harbor in 1985. PSP toxins in marine products from Hong Kong showed two peaks with the main peak occurring in the spring and the other in fall. However, not until a recent investigation of PSP and DSP toxins along the Chinese coast, was it found that both toxins were distributed widely along both the north and south coasts of China. This investigation also indicated that DSP toxin was more frequently detected than PSP toxins along the Chinese coast. The frequency of occurrence and levels of PSP toxins on the southern coast areas were higher than those on the northern coast. Extremely high PSP toxicity (>20,000 MU/kg) was detected in shellfish samples collected in Tai Tam Bay, southeast of Hong Kong in March 1990 due to a bloom of A. catenella. The highest level of DSP in China, 10 m№g/g was found in blue mussel collected on October 2, 1998 at Jvhua Island, in Liaodong Bay during a bloom of Ceratium furca and Dinophysis fortii. Records of shellfish poisoning events in China, indicate that more than 1,800 people were affected and 31 people died. Several illnesses are suspected to have been due to the consumption of DSP toxin-contaminated marine products in 1995. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is also a frequent algal toxin problem in the Hong Kong area. More than 200 documented CFP poisoning events have occurred in Hong Kong since 1989, resulting in more than 1,000 people being intoxicated. Although most of these CFP incidents were due to the consumption of imported coral reef fish, the causative HAB species Gambierdiscus toxicus has also been found recently in local waters. Similar to Hong Kong, PSP and CFP toxins are the most frequently measured algal toxins in shellfish in Taiwan. In China, to date only PSP and DSP are the HAB toxins found, the frequency of shellfish monitoring is usually every two weeks during HAB season. If PSP or DSP are detected or cell number of toxic algae reach a certain warning level, then the frequency of monitoring increases to every week or even more often. The suggested action limits and cell numbers for action are as follows: Suggested action limit for PSP and DSP in China (determined by mouse bioassay of shellfish extracts) ActionPSPDSPEarly warning40(gSTXeq/100g<0.05MU/g (or one death among 3 mice џClosure80(gSTXeq/100g0.05MU/g (or more than two deaths among 3 mice)Lift closure<40(gSTXeq/100gUndetected (no death of mouse џ Suggested cell number of toxic algae for taking action algaetoxinEarly warning џcells/L џBegin shellfish monitoring џcells/L џToxic HAB Reported џcells/L џAlexandrium minutumPSP3006005,000Alexandrium catenellaPSP300i6005,000Alexandrium tamarensePSP3006005,000Gymnodinium catenatumPSP3006005,000Gymnodinium sanguineumPSP3006005,000Karenia mikimotoiNSP5001,0008,000Karenia breveNSP5001,0008,000Prorocentrum limaDSP5001,0005,000Dinophysis acuminataDSP1,0002,0008,000Dinophysis forttiDSP5001,0008,000Chattonella marinaџ3006005,000Heterosigma akashiwoџ1,0002,0008,000 3ЖЙz{адVW‘Џ Л  м ј  $ p q щ ў џ .PW[w…’œŸ >?ipy†›ЉБВ6<š"$&(@BFHћјћјєјєјєјєј№јщј№ј№јујуєјєјєјєјєјпмпмпмпмпмпмпмпмдЭШТШЛШЛШЖЛЎШЛЄ jm@ˆPJaJ@ˆPJaJo(CJKH @ˆPJaJ PJaJo(PJaJ @ˆCJPJ@ˆCJPJo(PJPJo( 6CJo( CJOJQJ6CJCJo(CJ5CJ@3З, Ÿ:<œ$§§ї§ёррллЯЯЯ $dh$Ifa$$a$ Ц€„„лd№^„`„л„ `„ „Љ`„Љ z‚ўў$&B`tЌЎОмю<>Xyppppy ppppyєp $$Ifa$…$$If–lжжFЌ Хо Ќ    tрж0џџџџџџі6ж џџџж џџџж џџџж џџџ4ж4ж laіl H^`tЂЈЊЌЎАМОТФкм№0:<>@VX^`vxŽДЖИМОРТ,.8:DFH`bnrt„ЊЌИМОТвжрфцшљєљьљьєчљьєљнљєљьљьљєчљьєљнљєьљьєчкжкЯЧЯСНЕЏЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉЁЉCJPJ\o( CJPJ\ CJPJ\CJPJ\o(PJ\ PJ\o(@ˆCJPJo( @ˆCJPJPJo(PJ jm@ˆPJaJCJKH@ˆPJaJo(PJaJ @ˆPJaJ?XxЖИКМОР.ііpgggg[ $dhЄœYD2a$„пdh`„п…$$If–lжжFЌ Хо Ќ    tрж0џџџџџџі6ж џџџж џџџж џџџж џџџ4ж4ж laіl $$Ifa$.:FbvЌРшќххххххЯЯ$ Ц0 H`xЈ#$Ifa$$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„уџ$If]„уџa$шєјњќў%&;<CEOPefxyŽЁЂИЫЬнођѓ(<=Qhiz "JLNtvxz‚„јђјђэчурэчурмрэчурэчурэчрэчурэчрэчрэчрэчрэчмрэчумрэкззCJo(PJo(PJ6PJ 6PJo(CJKH CJPJ\CJPJ\o(7ќў%zœmPPPP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !€pџџџџ€ьџџџџ€Tџџџџ€џџџџ€Tџџџџі !ііжџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF%&<@EIOzЈmPPPP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџьџџџџTџџџџџџџџTџџџџі !ііжџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіFOPfjnrxy“zЄmPPPPzЄmP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF “—›ЁЂЙНСХЫттт]ЈPтттт „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ ЫЬотцьђѓzœmPPPPzŒmP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF  (,06<ттт]œPтттт „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ <=RV\bhi{zАmPPPPzœmP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF ƒ‰Ѓ  ттт]Pтттт „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ "LP\htzЈmPPPP$ Ц0 H`xЈ#„хџdh$If]„хџa$ „хџdh$If]„хџ…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџџџџџьџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџTџџџџџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіFtvxz|~€‚„zxxxxxxx…$$If–Fжrp\ АИ !pџџџџьџџџџTџџџџџџџџTџџџџі !ііжџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџжџџџџџ4ж4ж FaіF4&P 182PА‚. 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