ࡱ>     Oh+'0(8 HT p |  IKorean Harmful Algal Blooms Management for Sustainable Coastal FisheriesroreбHNormalHH11Microsoft Word 8.0l@\ @|=J@-J@IgK :i+00/C ՜.+,D՜.+,< hp  пA  IKorean Harmful Algal Blooms Management for Sustainable Coastal Fisheries Title 6> _PID_GUIDAN{1F592780-B66C-11D9-A093-0001Korean Management of Environment and Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Coastal Fisheries Kim, HakGyoon* and SeongQwae Park** *National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, MOMAF, Busan, Korea ** Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea 1. Introduction One billion people rely on fish as their main source of protein in Asia alone. The FAO estimates the value of world exports of fish and fishery products reached US$ 52. billion in 1996(FAO, 1999). The comparable value of fishes landed by Korea is 2,514 thousand tons worth of $ 3.3 billion in 2000. Globally, the indirect use values of marine ecosystems recently have been estimated at $ 5.2 trillion per annum for open ocean ecosystems and $ 11.7 trillion. for coastal ecosystems(Sea Technology,1998). Demand for food fish and various other useful attributes obtainable from the sea have been accelerated by population growth and by the global trend toward population migration to coastal areas. However, korean and most of the global coastal waters are now eutrophicated owing to the terrestrial and waterborne pollutants loads during the last three decades. This coastal eutrophication leads the red tides(commonly harmful algal blooms, HABs) and subsequent estival anoxia. This persisting environmental stress threatens to cause regional and international conflicts. What is more serious is the recent widespread and far-reaching impacts of HABs in the coastal waters and their socio-economic impacts linked with the local and national economy. Acknowledging the present status of marine pollution and the important role of the marine industries for the economy and scientific development in the upcoming century, Korean government has a new vision work program entitled " Ocean Korea 21" to develop marine science and industry to keep abreast with the developed countries in 21st century. It includes new and renovating action plan to make the ocean provide more foods, new sea medicine, sustainable natural resources, habitats and essential ecological services, contributing to many commercial, recreational, and cultural opportunities. With respect to the marine environment, the major goal is to keep the marine environment clean for sustainable fisheries . It addresses the conception that ocean waters are the largest and most vital resources in Korea. However, all of them rely upon high marine environmental quality of seawater. This is why Korean concerns the health of ocean and coastal waters. a!. Geographic and Oceanographic Properties and Environmental Issues in Korean Waters 1. Geographic and Oceanographic properties pertaining to marine health Korea peninsula has a large mass of mountain range running from the north to the south called Taebaeksanmaek in the Eastern side and well developed flat plain in the Western side of the Korean peninsula. This geographic topography leads most of the main river to flow from the East to the West with runoffs running into the Yellow Sea and Korean strait. It cause the concentration of terrestrial wastewater in some coastal waters. As well known in the transportation of terrestrial pollutants, river runoffs is faster as it carries sediments, toxic chemicals, herbicides, nutrients, and other pollutants to local waters and onto coastal ocean areas. Another significant contribution of aggravating coastal pollution is the encroachment of people on the oceans, primarily the great increase in coastal populations along with related economic activities. More than half of Korean population currently resides along and near the coast, and the number will be growing at a faster rate than the expectation. What is worse is the demographic conglomeration of metropolitan cities such as Seoul-Incheon, Busan and Ulsan, Kwangju -Mokpo. As growth increase, so do the volumes of waste discharged into waterways. Finally, the coastal waters receiving those effluents are easily polluted not only because of the shortage of wastewater and sewage treatment facilities along the shore, but also insufficient dispersion of coastal pollutants out of the coast. In additions, the Korean waters are in shallow and semi-enclosed water system. The average water depth of Yellow Sea and The South Sea is 44 and 101m, respectively. Most of their continental shelf is stretched out to the whole seabed except the East Sea whose mean depth is 1,543m. Since 1970s, a lot of tidal flats especially in the coast of Yellow Sea are at the risk of reclamation owing to the policy giving more priorities on industrial and agricultural purposes. It is well known that tidal flats play an essential roles in nutrients cycling, provide habitat for ocean fish and wildlife, filter sediments and toxins from waters. Such vulnerabilities of coastal pollution caused by shallow water, no big exchange with offshore, demographic conglomeration, and concentration of wastewater runoffs make Yellow Sea and South Sea worse in the health of water quality. Even the confronting difficulties, we have to conserve the marine environment for both of the present and the future generation. Because, Korean waters include 447,0003 of fishing ground, 1,1303 of aquaculture sea beds, and 2,3933 of tidal flats. We should remember the estimates of the global value of the ocean and services it provides are $ 33 trillion per year(Sea Technology, 1998), if we conserve it can provide, or it will harm us if we fail to conserve high environmental quality. 2. Coastal eutrophication and HABs for the last three decades A. Three decadal evaluation of coastal water quality Even the vulnerability of the terrestrial pollutants due to the shallowness and semi-enclosed embayment system, water quality along the coast in the South Sea was in health state, and no big issues from the viewpoint of the deterioration of coastal waters and fisheries loss thirty years ago. In 1970s, the chemical oxygen demand(COD) in the South Sea, the representative bay with respect to water pollution and aquaculture, revealed no significant difference between the coastal and offshore waters as of more or less COD 13/!(Park et al., 1983). However in 2000, most of the coastal waters in the South Sea was in eutrophic level with frequent outbreaks of harmful algal blooms(NFRDI, 2001). Likewise the South Sea, most of semi-enclosed coastal waters in Yellow Sea are also affected by the terrestrial pollutant source. The amount of wastewater into the coastal waters was growing as the years go by and the estimate in 1999 was about 20 million tons, of which 80% were from air and land, and 12% from marine vessels of all kind. Recent intensive and massive aquaculture industries, even localized, play an important role as water-borne pollutants source. It is because of intensive accommodation of culture animals to maximize the economic returns from one commercial species of culture animal. These intensive aquaculture and live feed supply produce much of the organic pollutants. The contents of organic substances in bottom sediments were high enough to form oxygen deficient or anoxic water layers in some localized areas in summer season. The anoxia enhance the exudation of nutrients and supply them into overlying waters. Nutrients are necessary to support healthy marine ecosystems, but in excess, they stimulate the outbreaks of harmful algal blooms, which in turn deplete oxygen. During the last three decades, seawater temperature has been increasing as of 0.7! due to global warming in Yellow Sea, the South Sea and the East Sea. There were found some quantitative increase in the plankton population such as subtropical species of Cochloninium polykrikoides and zooplankton biomass in the warm season. B. Spatio-temporal distribution of HABs The outbreaks of harmful algal blooms(HABs) were rare untill 1980s, but became frequent and persistent during the 1990s(Kim et al., 1997). They were generally observed from late spring to autumn, with their peak during late summer (from July to September). Most of HABs have been lasting for two weeks even in enclosed or semi-enclosed bays till 1980s. Recent HABs, especially since 1995, become more frequent and widespread encompassing virtually entire southern coast of Korea. What is the worst are the consecutive outbreaks of fish-killing HABs since 1995. The dinoflagellate bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides have been persisted nearly two months from September to October in 1995 and 1999. HABs were almost monospecific bloom with high density enough to be lethal to living culture and wildlife animals. Korea enumerate the number of HABs outbreaks since 1981. One event is a bloom occurred in an area by one or several species. A new number is assigned when the dominant species is changed into other species even at the same place. Fig 1. Number of red tides outbroken and that of harmful algal bloom since 1982. Based on the annual total number of red tide outbreaks from the HABs monitoring, there were 8 events in 1981, and they increased to 21events in 1982, the first year of Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom, and to a peak of 65 in 1995, the year of the worst C. polykrikoides bloom, for the last three decades(Park et al., 1988; Kim et al., 1997). The prevailing phytoplankton species responsible for the HABs were Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Diatoms were the most common species to the first half of the 1980s. Since then, dinoflagellates such as Prorocentrum micans, P. minimum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, G. saguineum and Cochlodinium polykrikoides were found to be the major dinoflagellates. They exclusively formed monospecific bloom of high density in the summer season. Besides, it reveals that some cyst-forming dinoflagellate species make the bloom at the same place and same time (Kim et al., 1990). blooms of C. polykrikoides marked the highest economic loss of the estimated $ 95.5million. So far, 3 ichthyotoxic species (C. polykrikoides, Gymnodinium mikimotoi and Gyrodinium sp.), and 6 shellfish poisoning species have given economic loss by way of fishkill and shellfish intoxication such as PSP and DSP. In addition to the direct fishkill and impacts in coastal ecosystem, the halo effect from the HABs is unforeseen and difficult to quantify. Thus we have been carrying out regular HABs monitoring and did our best to mitigate the economic loss by controlling dinoflagellate population using clays dispersion and so on. As overview on the annual fluctuation of the HABs for the last three decades, they became widespread and persistent with the increase of impact on coastal productivity and economic loss. 3. The impacts of coastal eutrophication and HABs on sustainable fisheries The coastal pollution and subsequent HABs give a lot of impacts on the growth, recruitment and mortality of fish population. In general, it is hard for fish and shellfish to survive under the deformed coastal environment, because the deteriorated environment and persistent HABs can kill fishes, increase the fish mortality and reduce growth rate of living organisms(Kim et al., 1997). From the viewpoint of aquaculture, fish killing algal bloom(FAB) are the direct and severe impacts on the overall coastal aquaculture industries. The other is shellfish poisoning by toxic algae, which accumulate the toxins to levels to be lethal to human or other consumers. So far, 3 fish killing species such as Cochlodinium. polykrikoides since 1989 , Gyrodinium sp., in 1992 and G. mikimotoi since 1981 have been occurred in the Korean coastal waters (Kim et al., 1994, 1997). Among them, C. polykrikoides has been proved to be the most harmful species. Next to it, Gyrodinium sp., a new species collected from Chungmu coast in 1992.(Kim et al., 1993). This is why FAB is a significant and growing threat to aquaculture development. For the last two decades, the economic impact of harmful blooms has been magnified by the expansion of shellfish and fish culture. In August 1981, for example, Korea experienced the economic loss due to shellfish mortalities caused by G. mikimotoi red tides in Chinhae Bay (Cho, 1981; Park, 1982). This resulted in losses of oysters, mussels and arc shells amount to $2.6 million. Another fish mortalities caused by Gyrodinium sp. resulted in an alleged economic loss of $24.3 million in 1992. In 1995, the alledged economic loss was $ 95.5million, and it recorded as the biggest fisheries damages in Korea. In addition to the direct fish kill and impacts in coastal ecosystem, the halo effect from the HABs is unforeseen and difficult to quantify. So far with respect to the shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) is the unique human illnesses from seafood consuming in Korea(Lee et al.,1992). However, there is no incident of DSP and ASP even the occurrence of causative phytoplanktons. The incident of PSP has been reported along the southern coast from March to April. b!. National Projects for Environment Conservation and Sustainable Coastal Fisheries Maintenance of healthy coastal ecosystems can provide regional benefits of natural goods and sustainable productivity. All rely upon high marine environmental quality. Korean government make full-fledged marine environment monitoring network, administrative and legislative action plans to conserve the marine environment, and take sound implementing actions to control HABs for the sound and sustainable development of the marine natural resources and essential ecological services. 1. National marine environment monitoring and impact assessment system Regular environmental monitoring has been carried out quarterly at about 300 stations in Korean waters by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI) to evaluate the status of water and sediment quality since 1972. We increase the number of monitoring parameters from 21 in 1999 to 48 in 2000 especially by adding persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and biological factors such as phytoplankton abundance, benthos, chlorophyll concentration with conventional environmental factors such as nutrients, heavy metals, dissolved and particulate organic matters, dissolved oxygen(DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, salinity, pH, water transparency and so on. More attention will be paid for the monitoring of endocrine disruptors such as dioxin, PCBs and TBTs. To assess the impact caused by coastal pollution, oil spill, HABs and reclamation of tidal flats in the coastal waters, we established special stations and collect consecutive samples to assess the impact on marine environment and organisms. 2. Administrative and legislative actions for the protection of marine environment Acknowledging the impacts of huge harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by C. polykrikoides in 1995, Korean government make two big countermeasures to cope with recent coastal environmental challenges. One is the inauguration of Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) on 8 August, 1996, and the other is Five Year,s Marine Pollution Control Plan. MOMAF has been created in order to obtain comprehensiveness and unity in the marine environmental policy. The Ministry took over and co-ordinated the admistrative measures on the prevention of marine environmental pollution and the conservation of nature, which had previously been handled by various related Ministries and Authorities. The ongoing Five Year,s Marine Pollution Control Plan consists of several action programs. The most important project is to expand a purification and treatment capability of urban and industrial effluents. The second is the intergrated coastal zone management strategy such as additional designation of special management area for pollution control. The third is coastal cleanup projects which composed of polluted sediment dredging, cleaning coastal sea bed of farm yard and reorganization of aquaculture facilities. The significant legal acts for the protection of marine ecosystem include the Marine Pollution Prevention Law in 1977, Water Environment Protection Law in 1990, and Coastal Zone Management Law in 1999. Water Environment Protection Law has a goal to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the ocean and coastal waters. Coastal Zone Management Law was enacted to provide for the management of the nation,s coastline by balancing economic development with environmental preservation. The Marine Pollution Prevention Law establishes national marine specific areas that have special significance based on conservation, recreational, ecological, or aesthetic qualities. Waste dumping is controlled in these areas. Ocean dumping, ship pollution, and conservation of fish and wildlife are controlled and regulated by a number of laws, acts and treaties. Another action plan to cope with these constraints is an enforcement of the effluent standards. They are the target level of coastal water quality to be desirably achieved and maintained by the environmental administrative authorities for the protection of public health and the conservation of natural environment. Nevertheless coastal eutrophication and subsequent HABs have provoked socio-economic problem especially in semi-enclosed bays and estuaries since 1980s. More comprehensive legislations and regulation are needed in order to improve the water quality, and new integrated legislative schemes for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies will be introduced with the enforcement regulation for the Area Wide Total Pollutant Load Control System as early as possible. 3. HABs management and mitigation strategies Korean fisheries economy depends heavily upon the coastal zone for marine products, so it is especially sensitive to constraints from HABs. They must be used in the most efficient way and there is a need for sustainable, multiple-use management schemes for coastal and marine living resources. The best way to minimize the damages is to find out the outbreaks of HABs at the initial stage and take emergent actions. The present action plan consists of regular monitoring, quick announcement and alert fishermen and direct clay control of HABs. % Hierarchical and televisual monitoring and announcement It is very necessary to forecast the outbreaks of blooms in order to take appropriate and emergent measures. To predict the outbreak of HABs, regular coastal monitoring has been carried out biweekly or monthly at 70 stations from March to November by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) to investigate the status of water quality and outbreaks of HABs since 1981. Most of the coastal environmental parameters are monitored simultaneously. When HABs occur, we make daily observation for the subsequent development of HABs in the affected area and neighboring waters susceptible to be affected through field cruise and aircraft observations. Another land-based watch teams patrol along the coast every day to find out the red tides from May to October. There were about 100 outposts along the coast since 1996. The patrolling periodicity is dependent on the frequency of red tide outbreaks in the last 5 years. They were divided into 3 grades, i.e., daily, weekly and biweekly patrolling outposts. The main target phytoplanktons are C. polykrikoides, G. mikimotoi and Gyrodinium sp.. With respect to the quick-find and best-save measure, NFRDI is working to build "Remote televisual HABs monitoring network". This is the image highway network for the telecommunication of microscopic image between local terminal laboratory and Pusan center institute. The expert in the center institute can identify phytoplankton species by transferred microscopic image from the local laboratory. We can overcome the shortage of identification expert and budget. Because this framework is to connect all the laboratories and outposts. Most of the red tide information are distributed immediately to aquaculturists, fishermen and municipal administrative authorities by facsimile, internet web site (http://www.nfrda.re.kr) and automated telephone response system that begun to serve on 6 May, 1996. For the monitoring of shellfish poisoning, toxicological tests are run for PSP and DSP using bioassays and HPLC, and ASP using HPLC. An annual budget for 1995 national red tide monitoring is about US$ 250,000 exclusive of the personnel expenses and instrument purchase. % Red tide alert system and alarm facilities To give precautionary attention to fishermen and aquaculturists, NFRDI operate alert system. It consists of Red Tide Attention, Red Tide Alert and Warning Lift. The notice of attention and alert are issued when the density of C. polykrikoides exceed 300 cells/ml and 1,000cells/ml, respectively. To prevent the intake of HABs into the fish culture tank, practical HABs alarm facility was invented in 1997. Its sensor can detect the chlorophyll, temperature and turbidity. When it detect the HABs, it give alarm by sound for the day and light in the night or simultaneously. It is possible to stop the seawater supply into the tank automatically and supply the liquefied oxygen. % Mitigation strategies and scattering residual clays Mitigation strategies are cage movement to the outside of the affected area, diminution of feed supply, and recommend early harvesting if the bloom develop to fatal enough. The other most important work is scattering residual clays. The clay has a capability to floculate the particles and carry them to bottom sediments. The removal efficiency was up to 80% in 10g/l. No big difference was found between the laboratory and field test. It was proved that dissolved inorganic nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll- concentration in the water column decreased slightly after clay dispersion. The juvenile flatfish showed a satisfactory vitality after 24hours exposure in 8g/l of clay. NFRDI have investigated the benthic fauna and flora in the very area of clay dispersing since 1996, but there found no disturbance in the benthic community. c!. Conclusion It is reluctant to witness the coastal eutrophication, frequent HAB and estival anoxia.It require global scientific and administrative cooperation to solve these environmental issues, especially recent globalization of the coastal pollution, the emergence of persistent organic pollutants and unexpected oil spills. Those who want to develop marine industry and science must do their best for the cooperation in this time of 21st ocean century. Korea has a vulnerability in coastal pollution because of geographical and oceanographical topograpy. With all this confronting constraints, we need an integrated understanding of fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes based on site-specific comparative studies of coastal ecosystems to advance coastal environmental science and to manage coastal resources more efficiently. The environment and the economic health of marine and coastal waters are linked at all levels - from individual to international. In Korea, near shore ecosystems are supported by the interrelationship between oceanic and land systems. This interrelationship can affect the profit and growth of many economic sectors, including natural resource harvesting, commercial and recreational fishing, real estate, manufacturing, tourism, and waste assimilation. Clean water can mean the difference between economic decline and a bright, prosperous future. For marine organisms and ecosystems, it can mean the difference between life and death. The health of the oceans and coastal waters directly effects both economic and aesthetic values of many activities and events. Degradation of water quality and widespread HABs have tremendous impact on the quantity and quality of commercial fish catches, on recreational fishing and on marine tourism. Most Koreans get multiple benefits from coastal resources, i.e., coastal fishing, aquaculture and leisure. The most important benefits come from the renewable living resources which satisfy basic human needs such a cheap sources of seafood. In the light of the utilization and appreciation, the conservation of coastal ecosystem is an important matter of significance at present and in future. The marine ecosystem must be used in the most efficient way, and there is a need for sustainable, multiple-use management schemes for coastal and marine living resources. To take reasonable implementation of those purposes, we needs to combat the environmental challenges for sustainable productivity of the sea. It is apparent that precise and quantified information on the HAB and fisheries damages should be available to conserve coastal zone for sustainable production. Acknowledging the present situation, Korean government made a legislative enforcement of total pollution load control system to reduce terrestrial pollutants, and issue no more aquaculture license from 2002. They surely mitigate the fisheries loss from HABs, shellfish intoxications, and intangible economic loss caused by environmental deterioration. Finally, let me introduce the Sylvia Earle,s quatotations written in "Sea Change" in 1995 ; " It does not matter where on Earth you live, everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely, living salt-water soup. There,s plenty of water in the universe without life, but nowhere is there life without water. The loving ocean drives planetary chemistry, governs climate and weather, and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our planet, from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush. That,s why the ocean matters. If the sea is sick, we,ll feel it. It if dies, we die. Our future and the state of the oceans are one ." References Cho, C. H. 1981. On the Gymnodinium red tide in Jinhae Bay. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 14(4), 227-232. FAO. 1999. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. 112pp. Kim, H. G., J. S. Park, Y. Fukuyo, H, Takayama, K. H. An, and J. M. Shim. 1993. Noxious dinoflagellate bloom of an undescribed species of Gyrodinium in Chungmu coastal waters, Korea. In: Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. (eds.) P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou. Lavoisier, Intercept Limited, Paris, New York, 59-63. Kim, H. G., J. S. Park and S. G. Lee. 1990. Coastal algal blooms caused by the cyst-forming dinoflagellates. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 23(6), 468-474. Kim, H. G. J. S. Park, S. G. Lee et al. 1994. Eco-toxicological studies of toxic marine phytoplankto in Korean coastal waters. Special report granted by Ministry of Science and Technology. pp. 153. Kim, H. G. J. S. Park, P. Y. Lee et al. 1995. Study on the phenomena of coastal eutrophication and red tide. Special report granted by Ministry of Environment. pp. 254. Kim, H. G., S. G. Lee and K.H. An et al. 1997. Recent Red Tides in Korean Coastal Waters. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, pp. 280. Lee, J.S., J.K. Jeon, M.S. Han, Y. Oshima and T. Yasumoto. 1992. Paralytic shellfish toxins in the mussel Mytilus edulis and dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from Jinhae Bay, Korea. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 25(2), 144-150. NFRDI, 2001. Annual report of Korean coastal environment monitoring 2000, Vol. 5. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, ISSN 1229-408X, pp.155. Lee, J.S.,J.K. Jeon, M.S. Han, Y. Oshima and T. Yasumoto, 1992. Park, J. S. 1982. Studies on the characteristics of red tide and environmental conditions in Jinhae Bay. Bull. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency, 28, 55-88 (in Korean). Park, J. S., H. G. Kim and S. G. Lee. 1988. Red tide occurrence and succession of its causative organisms in Jinhae Bay. Bull. Nat. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency, 41, 1-26 Park J.S.,N.Y. Kwan, H.G. Kim et al., 1983. A comprehensive study on marine pollution for the conservation of the Korean coastal ecosystem with respect to culture areas and fishing grounds. Technical Report No 58 , National Fisheries Research & Development agency. pp. 626. Sea Technology. October 1998. 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HAB and coastal 1. Korea Monitoring System Area codes Three stations had been reported at 2004 PICES W-5 meeting in Hawaii. There were Korea-East coast(KORHAB-1), Korea-West coast(KORHAB-2) and Korea-South Coast(KORHAB-3). Time codes o Monitoring season : February - November o Observation frequency : Regular and emergent basis monthly in regular basis weekly and/or daily in the emergent fish killing Karenia mikimotoi, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Gyrodinium sp. Blooms and PSP outbreaks Monitoring species o Harmful algae : Fish killing dinoflagellates o Seafood poisoning : PSP toxin in mussel and oyster 2. Korea definition and standards level PSPlevel o PSP alert level : 80microgram per 100gram 3. Coastal environment monitoring The48 were composed of ClassGeographical scale Plankton cell density (cell/ml) Description Red Tide Attention Affected areas within 2-5km radious equivalent to 12- 78km2 G1 Dinoflagellates : depend on species specific cell density and toxicity - Chattonella sp. : 50 or more - Cochlodinium sp. : 300 or more - Gymnodinium mikimotoi : 1,000 or more - Gyrodinium sp. ; 500 or more - Other dinoflagellates : 30,000 or more G1 Diatoms : 50,000 or more G1 Mixed species : 40,000 or more for the multi-specific blooms consisting more than 50 % of dinoflagellatesG1 When damage is perceptible, the director general of NFRDI can issue the warning notice with exception of this basis. G1 The basis of the cell density and scales is variable depend on the situation. G1 The director general of NFRDI can issue an intermediate notice to mitigate the fisheries damages during the warning period if necessary Red Tide Alert Affected areas within 5km radious equivalent to 79 km2 G1 Dinoflagellates : depend on the species-specific cell density and toxicity - Chattonella sp. : 100 or more - Cochlodinium sp. : 1,000 or more - Gymnodinium mikimotoi : 3,000 or more - Gyrodinium sp. : 2,000 or more - Other dinoflagellates : 50,000 or more G1 Diatoms : 100,000 or more G1 Mixed species : 80,000 or more for the multi-specific blooms consisting more than 50 % of dinoflagellates G1 When damage is perceptible, the director general of NFRDI can issue the warning notice with exception of this basis. G1 The basis of the cell density and scales is variable depend on the situation. 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