ࡱ> npm[ [bjbj jjVllllllll8<N(v$w V,l,jllAjjjlljjjllB ` #264W0jjllll1. INTRODUCTION The IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) was formed at the Sixteenth Session of the IOC Assembly, March 1991, in order to identify adequate resources for a broad programme to try to solve some of the problems caused by harmful algae. The Harmful Algal Bloom Programme Plan and proposals (Document IOC-FAO/IPHAB-I/3) were adopted by the Seventeenth Session of the IOC Assembly in February-March 1993, and are also to be seen as IOC follow-ups to UNCED. The Fifth Session of the Panel was opened by the Executive Secretary IOC, Dr. Patricio Bernal, who emphasized the importance of the Panel as a mechanism to advice governments on HAB research and management with the ultimate goal to protect public health and food resources. He urged the Panel to in particular identify the difficulties in the implementation of the IOC HAB Programme, and to seek to interact closely with relevant international and national organizations to achieve progress in areas where science can assist society. He also stressed the need for the Panel to address the implementation of HAB monitoring within the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Agenda for the Session was introduced by mr. Henrik Enevoldsen, Technical Secretary IPHAB and IOC HAB Project Coordinator, and adopted (Annex I hereto). Dr. B. Reguera (Spain) was designated as rapporteur. The Session was attended by representatives of: Canada, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Korea (observer), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The list of Participants is attached as Annex III hereto. The Chair IPHAB, Dr. Adriana Zingone (Italy), recalled the Terms of Reference for the Panel, as set out in Resolution XVI.4 of the Twenty-fifth Session of the IOC Assembly, March 1991 (Annex IV hereto) and the objectives in the IOC HAB Programme Plan (Annex V hereto). The Panel noted that the Twentieth Session of the IOC Assembly, July 1997, and the Thirty-first Session of the IOC Executive Council had endorsed all the Recommendations of the Fourth Session of the Panel. The Resolutions of the last IOC Assembly (Twenty-first Session, July 1999) were also introduced. During its Fifth Session the Panel reviewed the actions completed during the inter-sessional period. The detailed report on HAB progamme developments in the intersessional period is included as Annex VI hereto. The Panel noted with satisfaction that considerable progress had been made in the intersessional period and that the Recommendations of the Fourth Session of the Panel have been followed-up. The objectives in the HAB Programme Plan (Annex V hereto) were revised and affirmed, priorities were set, actions to be taken were discussed and decided upon, and resources were sought, identified and committed to the extend feasible. The Panel endorsed a number of intersessional activities to be implemented by Member States and the IOC Secretariat. These activities are summarized in the Workplan for the IOC HAB Programme 2000-2001, which is included in Annex II hereto. A summary of the deliberations and decisions taken are given below. 2. PROGRAMME SUPPORT AND DEVELOPMENT 2.1 STAFFING OF THE HAB PROGRAMME The Panel welcomed the continued secondment for the Harmful Algal Bloom Programme Office at the IOC Secretariat by Denmark. The last secondment, by Denmark, ended in October 1998. A replacement is expected to take up duties 1 February 2000. In addition to a replacement, the secondment of one additional staff member to the Programme Office is sought. These appointments are essential to sustain and strengthen the development and implementation of the HAB Programme. An appropriate level of staffing is considered to be one senior and one junior staff member (Document IOC-FAO/IPHAB-I/3, Annex VII). The Panel strongly encouraged Member States to second staff members to the HAB Programme Office, and urged the Executive Secretary IOC to pursue the secondment of a staff member specifically for the HAB Programme. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.l. 2.2 IOC SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION CENTRES ON HARMFUL ALGAE The Panel welcomed the developments and initiatives by the IOC Science and Communication Centres on Harmful Algae established in Copenhagen (Denmark) and Vigo (Spain). The Science and Communication Centres on Harmful Algae are established to provide assistance to Member States, and to developing countries in particular (Document SC/MD/101, para.80). The Panel noted with appreciation Resolution IOC/XX.3 through which the IOC Assembly endorses the continuation of the Centres and urges Member States to continue to provide the support. The Panel will review the Five-year Report of the Centre in Copenhagen and recommend on future priorities and activities. 2.3 REGIONAL IOC HAB GROUPS The Panel took note of the results and reports under the regional components of the HAB Programme, WESTPAC/HAB (Western Pacific), IOC/FANSA (South America), and IOCARIBE/ANCA (Caribbean). Referring to Recommendation IPHAB-IV.4, the Panel noted with satisfaction that the Recommendation of IPHAB-IV on the establishment of a working group on harmful algal blooms in the Caribbean and adjacent regions (IOCARIBE-ANCA) had been followed-up. The Panel endorsed the proposed regional activities of WESTPAC/HAB, FANSA, and ANCA for 2000-2001 (see Annex II hereto). The Panel took note of the report from the IOC-SOPAC Workshop on Harmful Algae, Noumea, New Caledonia, 14 November 1997. The Panel recognized that an appropriate mechanism for assisting the small island states in the South Pacific on HAB problems is lacking at present. WESTPAC/HAB has shown interest to assist but, this is not feasible within the mandate of WESTPAC. Approximately 10.000 people are affected by toxic algae (ciguatera) in the South Pacific each year. Referring to Recommendation IPHAB-IV.5, which urged the IOC to take initiative to stress the urgent need for support for harmful algal research to the European Commission, the Panel took note of the publication of an European Research Initiative on Harmful Algal Blooms, EUROHAB. EUROHAB was referred to as an improved basis for HAB research in Europe and the Panel welcomed the increased awareness given to the HAB issue by the European Commission. The Panel expressed its appreciation and recognized the importance of the work carried out by the regional project leaders. 3. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME ELEMENTS INFORMATION NETWORK 3.1 HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS The quarterly IOC newsletter Harmful Algae News (HAN) on toxic algae and algal blooms has been published since January 1992 and has more than 2000 subscribers. HAN is now available via the IOC Home-page. The Panel reappointed the Editor (Dr. Tim Wyatt) and the Editorial Board for HAN. The Panel recommended that special issues on selected topics would be considered, and that HAN should be issued more regularly, even if some issues would then have relatively few pages. 3.2 DIRECTORY OF EXPERTS - HAB-DIR The Panel noted that an updated version of the International Directory of Experts in Toxic and Harmful Algae and their Effects on Fisheries and Public Health, HAB-DIR, has been published at the IOC Home-page and that the Directory can now be up-dated on-line. For the time being HAB-DIR will no longer be available as a printed publication, but only as a service on the IOC server. 3.3 IOC MANUAL ON HARMFUL MARINE MICROALGAE The Panel recognized that the preparation of the IOC Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae (IOC Manuals and Guides No. 33) has proven to be one of the most successful products of the IOC HAB Programme, and noted that the Manual is now out of stock. The Chair of FANSA, Dr. Silvia Mendez, referred to that ANCA had identified it as a priority for Latin America to have a Spanish translation of the Manual. The Panel endorsed the preparation of a second revised and expanded edition of the IOC Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. The second edition of the Manual will have the same editorial team as the first edition: D. Anderson (USA), A. Cembella (Canada), G. Hallegraeff (Editor in Cheif), and H. Enevoldsen as Technical Editor. 3.4 CO-SPONSORSHIP OF HAB CONFERENCES The Panel endorsed the support by IOC of the HAB 2000 Conference in Tasmania, Australia, 7-11 February 2000. This series of Conferences has been cosponsored by the IOC since 1987, and provides the main international forum for HAB scientists. The support provided by the IOC has been crucial in securing the possibility of attendance by scientists from developing countries. The Panel recommended that the IOC publish the presentations to the HAB 2000 Conference in an appropriate IOC series, with the co-sponsorship of the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae, ISSHA, and in consultation with the local host and organizing committee. 3.5 DATABASE ON HAB EVENTS - HAE-DAT The Panel welcomed the establishment of the IOC-ICES Metadatabase on Harmful Algal Events, HAE-DAT, and its accesibility via the IOC home-page. The Panel recommended it as a high priority to start establishing a mechanism for non-ICES countries to contribute to HAE-DAT. This will be done jointly by the IOC HAB Centres in Vigo and Copenhagen, WESTPAC/HAB, IOC/FANSA, and IOCARIBE/ANCA. 3.6 TRAINING The Panel noted with satisfaction the development and implementation of the HAB Training and Capacity Building Programme as adopted by the Eighteenth Session of the IOC Assembly. The Panel noted the 23 training courses and workshops on harmful algae successfully implemented regionally and globally in 1997-99 (Annex IX). The Panel reiterated the importance of appropriate follow-up action in relation to trained individuals. Denmark, Japan, and Spain will continue to support training activities, and several other member States offered to support or to investigate the possibilities of supporting specific training courses or workshops. The Panel expressed its appreciation of the significant support provided by Denmark, Japan, and Spain for training and capacity building activities, and noted with satisfaction the cooperation on training activities with the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the Nordic Research Academy (NorFa). The Panel noted the difficulties in evaluating the impact of the significant training efforts under the IOC HAB Programme, and requested the Centres and the Secretariat to propose to the next session of the Panel a model for assessment of the IOC HAB Training Programme. 4. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME ELEMENTS ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 4.1 IOC-SCOR PROGRAMME ON THE GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: GEOHAB At its Fourth Session the Panel through Recommendation IPHAB-IV.2 initiated the establishment of a new international research programme on the global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, GEOHAB. The overall goal of this initiative is to develop the scientific knowledge needed in this field in order to increase the capability of mitigating the impacts of HABs. GEOHAB is established jointly with SCOR, and is intended to help Member States in setting national priorities and in particular to promote the establishment of national, regional and international research programmes. The Chair of the IOC-SCOR Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for GEOHAB, Dr. Patrick Gentien (France) reported on GEOHAB developments and presented for endorsement the Terms of Reference for the GEOHAB SSC. The List of Members and the Terms of Reference for the GEOHAB SSC are attached as Annex X hereto. The GEOHAB SSC and the SCOR and IOC Secretariats are working on the estblishment of an International project office for GEOHAB. At the Twentieth Session of the IOC Assembly, June 1999, France offered to host the Project Office at IFREMER, Centre Brest, and the USA offered to investigate their possibilities for providing support. The Panel expressed its appreciation of the efforts made by Dr. John Cullen in preparing the first outline of the GEOHAB Programme based on the deliberation at the IOC-SCOR GEOHAB Workshop, Havreholm, Denmark, October 1998. The Panel focused its discussions on the strategy for the Panel to provide an efficient mechanism for promoting GEOHAB at both the global, regional, and national levels. To this effect, the Panel formulated both guidelines to Panel members on how to act in the intersessional period, and recommendations to Member States on how to build up GEOHAB. The Panel adopted Resolution IPHAB-V.4 and Recommendation IPHAB-V.2. 4.2 ICES-IOC WORKING GROUP ON THE DYNAMICS OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS The ICES-IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics reported on the achieved results, and new terms of reference were discussed. The Panel recognized the importance of the ICES-IOC WG in having provided a significant part of the basis for the development of GEOHAB and other HAB activities, and focussed its discussions on how to expand the participation in the WG with scientists from outside the ICES area. The Panel reviewed the Terms of Reference for the 2000 meeting. The Terms of reference are attached as Annex XI hereto. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.4. 4.3 ICES-IOC-IMO STUDY GROUP ON BALLAST WATER AND SEDIMENTS The ICES-IOC-IMO Study Group on Ballast Water and Sediments reported on the second and third meeting of the group. The SG will work by correspondence in 2000 and will meet in 2001.The Panel endorsed the continuation of the Study Group, and urged IOC to maintain a representative in the SG. The Terms of Reference are attached as Annex XII hereto. 4.4 TAXONOMY The Fourth Session of the Panel established a Task Team on Phytoplankton Taxonomy through Resolution IPHAB-IV.1. The Fifth Session reviewed the progress report from the Group, and reaffirmed the strong need in the international research and management community for a reference list on potentially harmful algae, and that it is urgent for the Panel to respond to this need. The Panel decided to continue the Task Team with revised Terms of Reference. The Panel adopted Resolution IPHAB-V.l. 4.5 TOXICOLOGY AND TOXIN CHEMISTRY The Panel noted the report of the IPHAB Task Team on Aquatic Biotoxins, and recalled Resolution IPHAB-IV.2, Noting that the Terms of Reference of this Task Team had not been completed in the intersessional period, the Panel decided to continue the Task Team with revised Terms of Reference. The Panel reiterated its Recommendation IPHAB-II.4 on the provision of toxin standards and reference materials to developing countries.The Panel adopted Resolution IPHAB-V.2. The Panel noted with concern the potential incompatibility of regional and/or national regulations on aquatic biotoxins, and the associated potential impediments to trade with seafood products. The concern was in particular expressed with respect to compatibility of EU and APEC regulations. The Panel decided to offer itself as a mechanism to strengthen interaction between the relevant expert groups which advice e.g. EU and APEC on biotoxin regulations with a view to improve the basis for compatibility, and encouraged the relevant organizations to interact and to request the IPHAB to participate as observer at the principal meetings of their respective expert groups. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.5. 5. OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME ELEMENTS 5.1 MONITORING AND RESOURCE PROTECTION The Panel recalled element 6.3 of the IOC HAB Programme Plan, and recognized the need for a comprehensive source of information and guidance on emergency measures and design and implementation of monitoring and management programmes. Noting the importance of efficient information and decision networks for minimizing the impacts of HAB events, and (i) recalling the decision of the Fourth Session of the Panel to establish a Task Team on Design and implementation of HAB Monitoring Systems, (ii) the Terms of Reference for the Task Team set out in Resolution IPHAB-III.3, and (iii) Recommendation IPHAB-IV.6 deciding to organize an international workshop directed towards improved design of monitoring programmes in order to protect resources, the Panel acknowledged the results of the APEC-IOC International Conference on Harmful Algae Management and Mitigation (HAMM). The Panel decided to establish a Task Team to draft a document providing guidelines on emergency measures for harmful algal events and coordinate this with the outcome of the HAMM Conference. The Guidelines should be published both on pare and on the IOC HAB Homepage. The Panel decided that the draft document should be reviewed by the IPHAB Members and the ICES-IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms Dynamics. The Panel adopted Resolution IPHAB-V.3. The Panel endorsed the publication by IOC jointly with APEC of a revised version of a major report on design of HAB monitoring strategies prepared by a consortium of international experts and originally published by Hong Kong in cooperation with APEC. After release by Hong Kong and APEC the report will be re-edited by D. Anderson (USA) and reviewed by L. Edler (Sweden), Y. Fukuyo (Japan), S. Gallagher (UK), K. Kononen (Finland), and M.A. Sampayo (Portugal). D. Anderson (USA) is expected to deliver a draft for review by mid 2000. The Panel concluded that there would be no significant overlap between this document and the planned 2nd. Edition of the IOC Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae and that the two publications do not address the same audience. 5.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF HAB MONITORING WITHIN THE GLOBAL OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOOS) The Director of the GOOS Project Office, Dr. Colin Summerhayes, introduced the Global ocean Observing System, GOOS, and gave examples of both already operating elements of GOOS and future parameters to be included such as HAB monitoring. The Technical Secretary for the Coastal GOOS Panel, Dr. Thorkild Aarup, introduced the Coastal GOOS in particular, as this is the framework into which HAB monitoring would be included. The Chair IPHAB introduced the issue of implementation of HAB monitoring within GOOS. The three panels of GOOS which deals with biological issues (C-GOOS, HOTO and LMR) have all included HABs among the issues to be considered in designing a global observation system that meet the needs of a wide range of end-users. It has also been acknowledged that HABs and their consequences on human health and mass mortality of natural and cultivated living resources are among the prominent indicators of changes in coastal areas (IOC-WMO-UNEP-ICSU Coastal Panel of GOOS, Third Session, Accra, Ghana, 13-15 April 1999, GOOS Report No. 76, UNESCO). Taking into account the importance but also the difficulty of measuring phytoplankton species composition, it is reasonable to expect that a global HAB monitoring system could be built from already existing resources. This strategy responds to one of the guiding principles of GOOS, i.e. to capitalize on existing systems. A global and long-term observing system of HABs would allow to detect general trends and distinguish them from locally driven phenomena. It would also offer a link between complementary data sets at high spatial and temporal resolution, which allows integrated data analysis and increases the reliability of models. It would constitute a mechanism for the intercalibration and optimisation of monitoring operations, world wide dissemination and safe long-term archival of data. The overall result is an improved capacity of predicting HABs over different time scales (see Annex XIII hereto for summary of the GOOS presentation). The Panel discussed how to assist the GOOS community in identifying the parameters and means suitable for monitoring the occurrence and toxicity of harmful algae as a part of a global ocean observing system. It was recognized that existing HAB monitoring is not uniform neither in methodology or scope. This diversity in mind, the Panel noted that the IOC-ICES metadatabase on existing HAB monitoring systems (MON-DAT) and the IOC-ICES metadatabase on harmful algal events (HAE-DAT) are useful tools also for the development of GOOS. The Panel noted that activities of the HAB Programme in the field of training and capacity building result in the training of potential ocean observers from all over the world with special attention to developing countries. These courses constitute a type of continuous intercalibration on a global scale which prepares the basis for future networking activities. The Panel emphazised that the IOC HAB Programme, through the Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms and the IOC Assembly, and in collaboration with GOOS and IOC regional bodies, could play a major role in promoting the establishment of regional HAB monitoring networks. The activities carried on at the IOC HAB Centres in Vigo and Copenhagen, and the regional working groups established in recent years, such as WESTPAC/HAB, IOC/FANSA, IOCARIBE/ANCA and the ICES-IOC WGHABD, represents existing useful foundation for the development of concepts, methods and implementation plans for HAB and phytoplankton networking around the world. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.3. 6. HAB PROGRAMME WORKPLAN 2000-2001 The Panel summarized the priorities and needs for the next intersessional period and recommended a workplan for the period 2000-2001 as indicated in Annex II hereto. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.6. 7. OPERATION OF THE IOC INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON HAB The Panel decided to continue its activities intersessionally under the co-ordination of the Chair. Dr. A. Zingone, (Italy), was re-elected Chair, and Dr. R. Azanza, (Philippines), was re-elected Vice-Chair. The Panel adopted Recommendation IPHAB-V.7. The Panel requested the Chair to present an Executive Summary, and Resolutions and Recommendations to the Thirty-second Session of the IOC Executive Council. IOC/IPHAB-IV/3 page PAGE1 ! 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