ࡱ> ^`] 8bjbjoo +P  L0" " 81M406LK0M0M0M0M0M0M0&24XM0M0b0FK0K0K-H/5ˠX./d0H0. 6 6(///" :   First IODE GE-BICH Workshop on Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Chemical Oceanographic Data Collections Oostende, Belgium, 8-11 February 2010 Document 4: Workshop Rationale Introduction The 4th session of the IODE Group of Experts on Biological and Chemical Data Management and Exchange Practices (GE-BICH) met at the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Project Office for International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE, www.iode.org) from 27 30 January 2009. During the session, the Group decided to focus its activities on best practices in quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA), data reporting and data exchange of chemical oceanographic data (IOC/IODE-GEBICH-IV, 2009). In particular, the need to develop clear guidelines for the QC/QA of chemical data collections was identified as an area of high priority. It was recommended that a workshop be organized to bring together experts from oceanographic data centers and oceanographic laboratories who have direct experience in the processing and QC/QA of chemical oceanographic data. Through IOC funding the Group will hold a focused 3 1/2 day workshop at the IOC Project Office for IODE in Ostend, Belgium between 8 and 11 February 2010, to review existing procedures for chemical data QC and adopt a minimum set of data quality control and reporting procedures starting with dissolved inorganic nutrients (e.g., phosphate, nitrate + nitrite, nitrite, and silicate) and dissolved oxygen. It is expected that the review process will be largely carried out online prior to the workshop therefore enabling workshop participants to focus on very specific objectives. The outcome from the workshop should help ensure consistently comparable quality control of selected chemical data collected on a global scale and over time. This is a key first step to make QC/QA of chemical oceanographic data collections clearer and more consistent among oceanographic data centers. Background Access to the most complete, integrated, scientifically quality-controlled observation-based digital oceanographic data in a common format is required by the international scientific community to study the earths climate variability whether natural or anthropogenic. Such databases also provide the opportunity to validate model simulations, monitoring programs, and process studies. Assembling and managing such databases is time consuming and difficult (UNESCO, 1993; IOC, 1996; IODE/JCOMM, 2008). First, it requires conversion of suitable data from multiple digital and non-digital formats, units of measurement, and widely varying levels of precision to a common format. Second, it requires adoption of consistent procedures for secondary quality control and assessment of data and metadata. Much of the historical and modern oceanographic data received at the World Data Centers for Oceanography contain data errors. When possible, questions about the data are best addressed with the help of the investigators who collected the data (thereafter data producer). Data producers sometimes assign primary quality control flags to their data (e.g., WOCE). Preliminary data checks (e.g., duplicate and near duplicate checks, range checks, large vertical gradients, density or depth inversions location and time problems, missing values) and secondary data checks (e.g., statistical tests, property-property plots, and iterative objective analysis) identify possible data problems. When clearly defined numerically, these checks enable data centers to assign secondary quality flags to data at observed levels (as reported by data producer) and/or to data interpolated to pressure (or density) levels. These QC flags are routinely assigned at different granularity levels ranging from one or more discrete values within a vertical profile to subsets or entire research cruises. The number and numerical definition of these checks vary greatly between data centers (Rojas, 2007; Pissierssens, 2007). A common set of minimum QC control procedures and QC flags (scales and definition terminology) best practices for chemical data is needed. Historically, the most commonly measured and archived chemical parameters are dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic nutrients. Several problems arise in the case of historical chemical databases. First, long-term archival and analysis of historical data on global scales necessitate combining measurements collected using different observing systems (e.g., different methods, instruments, precision levels, use of certified reference standards). Secondly, there is a large diversity of chemical variables being reported by data producers using different and, often ambiguous units of measurement. Errors in the reporting and, thus the interpretation of data units have resulted in multiple data conversions for data exchanged between oceanographic data centers. Sometimes depth offsets between profiles occur from using analytical standards with concentrations lower than or higher than supposed. These and other factors lead to proportional or systematic depth offset between data profiles. Without availability of true reference ocean materials it is difficult to produce accurate data sets. Thus, a consensus is needed on identifying, documenting, and applying corrections to these systematic or proportional depth offsets between oceanographic profiles to ensure data consistency and comparability over time. Workshop goals and objectives The general goal of this workshop is a focused review and adoption of a minimum set of QC procedures and QC flags starting with in situ dissolved inorganic nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) and dissolved oxygen. These few variables have been chosen as proof of concept that progress could be made later on with more chemical parameters. Workshop participants will be invited to review the rationale and outline the requirements for accomplishing this goal. Specifically, the objectives of this workshop are to: Define a minimum set of primary quality control checks and procedures; Define a minimum set of numerical secondary quality control checks and procedures to help ensure internal data QC consistency; Define a mapping between the existing collections of QC flags used in various data centers or data systems to allow more direct comparison of QC results, and relate these to numerical criteria and terminology. Recommend a path forward for identification and corrections of systematic depth offsets between chemical data profiles, for example, post-cruise recalibrations (analytical standards), apparent data unit conversion errors, and when data appears lower than or higher than some chosen ocean reference data. Recommend a common set of international units and minimum metadata for data reporting and data exchange of chemical data such as dissolved inorganic nutrients and oxygen data, between data centers. Identify knowledge gaps and needs in data quality control procedures and map the way forward including: Develop a forum via the GE-BICH wiki (under development) to promote collaboration in quality control and the assessment of best practices for chemical data management and exchange Develop a series of white papers addressing QC of specific chemical compounds entities. This activity should complement other on-going initiatives such as those undertaken by CDIAC (e.g.  HYPERLINK "http://cdiac3.ornl.gov/hydrography" Hydrography Manual Review) and  HYPERLINK "http://www.seadatanet.org/" SeaDataNet. Recommend a table for climatological mean (e.g., annual, seasonal, monthly) chemical data ranges for major and marginal ocean basins. Some of these objectives will be addressed in detail prior to the workshop. For example, preliminary QC guidelines could be developed using U.S. NODC World Ocean Database reports as starting points (e.g., Conkright et al. 1994; Boyer and Levitus, 1994; Boyer et al., 2006; Garcia et al. 2006a,b). During the workshop we anticipate having sessional working groups addressing objectives 1-4, while objective 5 is a group effort. It is hoped that this workshop will result in the development of technical white papers for several chemical parameters to enable data centers to exchange well documented and internally consistent quality-controlled data. The preliminary results of this workshop and the evolution of on-going collaborations will be presented at international fora such as the upcoming International Conference on Ocean Data and Marine Information Systems (IMDIS), March 2010, Paris, France and a session of the American Geophysical Union annual meeting, December 2010, USA. IV. Points of Contact: For further information about this workshop, please contact: Dr. Gwenalle Moncoiffe British Oceanographic Data Centre Joseph Proudman Building 6 Brownlow Street Liverpool L3 5DA, United Kingdom Tel: +44 151 795 4880  HYPERLINK "mailto:gmon@bodc.ac.uk" gmon@bodc.ac.ukDr. Hernan E. Garcia National Oceanographic Data Center E/OC5 SSMC3 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA Tel: +1 301 7133290 Ext 184  HYPERLINK "mailto:Hernan.Garcia@noaa.gov" Hernan.Garcia@noaa.gov V. References: Boyer, T. and S. Levitus, 1994: Quality control of oxygen, temperature and salinity data. NOAA Technical Report No. 81, National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington., D.C., 65 pp. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PUBLICATIONS/qc94tso.pdf" PDF Boyer, T. P., J. I. Antonov, H. Garcia, D. R. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, A. V. Mishonov, M. T. Pitcher, O. K. Baranova, and I. Smolyar, 2006: World Ocean Database 2005, Chapter 1: Introduction, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 60, Ed. S. Levitus, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 182 pp., DVD. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/WOD05/DOC/wod05_intro.pdf" PDF. Conkright, M.E., T. Boyer, and S. Levitus 1994: Quality control and processing of historical oceanographic nutrient data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 79, National Oceanographic Data Center, Wash., D.C., 75 pp. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PUBLICATIONS/techr79.pdf" PDF. Garcia, H. E., R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, and J. I. Antonov, 2006a: World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 342 pp, CD-ROM. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/WOA05/DOC/woa05_vol3_text_figures.pdf" PDF. Garcia, H. E., R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, and J. I. Antonov, 2006b: World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 4: Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate). S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 64. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/WOA05/DOC/woa05_vol4_text_figures.pdf" PDF. IOC/IODE-BICH-IV/3, 2009. IODE Group of Experts on Biological and Chemical Data Management and Exchange Practices (GE-BICH), Fourth Session, IOC Project Office for IODE Oostende, Belgium 27-30 January 2009. Download  HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=6461&version=1.0&lang=1&format=1" PDF. IOC, 1996. Workshop # 22. IOC-EU-BSH-NOAA-(WDC-A) International Workshop on Oceanographic Biological and Chemical Data Management, Hamburg, Germany, 20-23 May 1996. Download  HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PUBLICATIONS/ioc_122.pdf" PDF. IODE/JCOMM, 2008. Forum on Oceanographic Data Management and Exchange Standards, IOC Project Office for IODE, Oostende, Belgium, 21-25 January 2008. Download  HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=3032&version=1.0&lang=1&format=1" PDF. Pissierssens P., 2007. Report on the QC/QA survey. IOC/IODE-XIX/13. Trieste, Italy, 12-16 March 2007. Download  HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=401&version=1.0&lang=1&format=1" PDF. Rojas R., 2007. Analysis of the QC/QA survey. IOC/IODE-XIX/13aa, Trieste, Italy, 12-16 March 2007. Download  HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=626&version=1.0&lang=1&format=1" PDF. UNESCO, 1993. CEC/DG XII, MAST and IOC/IODE, Manual of quality control procedures for validation of oceanographic data. In: IOC Manual and Guides vol. 26, p. 436. Note: Internet links to PDF documents active as of June 26, 2009.     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