ࡱ> _ ] @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ` %` cbjbj"x"x % @@drrrDwwwy}lHi > șX   E<LͶ(Eh Gh Gh Gh Gh Gh Gh $(l hn kh r\ <E\\kh   h   \ r Eh \Eh  N ir 2 81w(H  i <Hi D &o p&&o `&o r < dkh kh vHi \\\\]:rd$:r  Project Document Section 1: Project Identification 1.1 Project title:  FORMTEXT Development of the Methodology and Arrangements for the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) 1.2 Project number:  FORMDROPDOWN  FORMTEXT       PMS:  FORMTEXT       1.3 Project type: MSP 1.4 Sub-programme title: GEF strategic long-term objective: IW1-2  FORMTEXT       Strategic programme for GEF IV: IW1-4  FORMTEXT       1.5 UNEP priority: Environmental Governance 1.6 Geographical scope: Global  FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT  1.7 Mode of execution:  FORMDROPDOWN  1.8 Project executing organization: UNEP-DEWA in partnership with UNESCO-IOC, UNESCO-IHP, UCC-Water, SIWI, IGRAC, Finland, BMZ/BGR, ETH-Zurich, IUCN, ILEC, GRID-Arendal, LOICZ, GESAMP, University of Kalmar, University of Western Cape 1.9 Duration of project: 24 months Commencing: September 2008 Completion: August 2010 Cost of project US$ % Cost to the GEF Trust Fund950,00042.04Co-financingCashFinland150,0006.64 FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT       FORMTEXT      Sub-total150,000 FORMTEXT      In-kindIUCN100,0004.43IGRAC91,2304.04 FORMTEXT ETH-Zurich 24,0401.06UNESCO-IHP92,8404.11UNESCO-IOC140,0006.20UCC-Water73,0003.23SIWI40,0001.77BMZ/BGR50,0002.21ILEC92,0004.07GESAMP33,3001.47GRID-Arendal FORMTEXT      85,2903.77Univ. of Kalmar FORMTEXT      100,0004.43Univ. of Western Cape FORMTEXT      38,0001.68DEWA200,0008.85Sub-total1,159,700 FORMTEXT      Total2,259,700100 Project summary The transboundary groundwater systems, transboundary lakes/reservoirs systems, transboundary river systems, Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) and open ocean areas on which the socioeconomic development and well being of a significant part of the worlds population depends, continue to be degraded by anthropogenic and natural pressures, including global climate change. Among the constraints to effective management of transboundary waters is the lack of a systematic and scientifically-robust methodology for assessing the changing conditions of five different types of transboundary water systems resulting from human and natural causes, which would allow the policy makers, Global Environment Facility and international organisations to set science-based priorities for financial resource allocation. Such a methodology also would facilitate identification and assessment of positive changes in the environmental and resources situations in the transboundary water systems resulting from interventions by national authorities and international/regional communities. If the GEF is to properly cope with these complexities, set priorities for GEF funding allocations with its modest financial resources, and document the results of its investments in relation to the changing state of these transboundary systems globally, a periodic global transboundary water assessment programme must be established. UNEP has the responsibility and comparative advantage for undertaking assessment in the GEF and globally through its various programmes including the Global Environment Outlook (GEO). With fragmentation in the various agencies responsibilities and mandates, and because the GEO is not currently being able to address the changing state of transboundary water systems, such a programme would be valuable globally. However, there is no catalyst to begin the complex work of bringing partners together to collaborate and share information toward such a global assessment. The proposed medium-size project is to develop: (i) a partnership among organisations; (ii) the methodology for assessment /results tracking for each of the five categories of transboundary water systems (transboundary groundwater; transboundary lakes/reservoirs; transboundary river basins; Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs); and open ocean areas) under the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP); and (iii) the arrangements needed to conduct a baseline transboundary waters assessment that may be conducted following completion of the MSP. The periodic assessment would then be sustained in the futures through the partnership of agencies and organizations, and would include data series collected by GEF IW projects that would be useful to those agencies and to UNEPs GEO process. Project preparation finance is needed to bring agencies and partners together to develop the strategy and arrangements for undertaking this project. The data, the models and the sources of information are disparate, being located in many different places, including in government agencies. Details on such methodologies and appropriate processes for conducting such assessments through the partnership will not be available until the MSP is completed. The strategy and details for the processes to be undertaken in the MSP cannot be provided until such agencies and science-based organisations come together and agree on sharing information, collecting it from disparate sources, and developing terms for accomplishing this goal in the MSP. Table of Contents  TOC \o "1-4" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247566" Section 1: Project Identification  PAGEREF _Toc201247566 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247567" Acronyms and Abbreviations  PAGEREF _Toc201247567 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247568" Section 2: Background and Situation Analysis (Baseline course of action)  PAGEREF _Toc201247568 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247569" 2.1. Background and context  PAGEREF _Toc201247569 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247570" 2.2.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247571" Threats, root causes and barrier analysis, including institutional, sectoral and policy context  PAGEREF _Toc201247571 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247573" 2.3.  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247574" Baseline analysis and gaps  PAGEREF _Toc201247574 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247575" 2.4. Linkages with other GEF and non-GEF interventions  PAGEREF _Toc201247575 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247576" Section 3: Intervention strategy (Alternative)  PAGEREF _Toc201247576 \h 10  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247577" 3.1. Project rationale, policy conformity and expected global environmental benefits  PAGEREF _Toc201247577 \h 10  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247578" 3.2. Project goal and objective  PAGEREF _Toc201247578 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247579" 3.3. Project components and expected results  PAGEREF _Toc201247579 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247580" 3.4. Intervention logic and key assumptions  PAGEREF _Toc201247580 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247581" 3.5. Risk analysis and risk management measures  PAGEREF _Toc201247581 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247582" 3.6. Consistency with national priorities or plans  PAGEREF _Toc201247582 \h 16 3.7 Incremental cost reasoning 17 3.8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247583" Sustainability 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247584" 3.9. Replication  PAGEREF _Toc201247584 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247585" 3.10. Public awareness, communications and mainstreaming strategy  PAGEREF _Toc201247585 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247586" 3.11. Environmental and social safeguards  PAGEREF _Toc201247586 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247587" Section 4: Institutional Framework and Implementation Arrangements  PAGEREF _Toc201247587 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247588" Section 5: Stakeholder participation  PAGEREF _Toc201247588 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247589" Section 6: Monitoring and evaluation Plan  PAGEREF _Toc201247589 \h 25  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247590" Section 7: Project Financing and Budget  PAGEREF _Toc201247590 \h 26  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247591" 6.1. Budget by project component and UNEP budget lines  PAGEREF _Toc201247591 \h 26  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247592" 6.2. Co-financing details  PAGEREF _Toc201247592 \h 27  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247593" 6.3. Project cost-effectiveness  PAGEREF _Toc201247593 \h 28  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247594" Appendices  PAGEREF _Toc201247594 \h 29  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247595" Appendix 1: Budget by project components and UNEP budget lines  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247596" Appendix 2: Co-financing table Appendix 3: Results framework  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247597" Appendix 4: Workplan and timetable   HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247598" Appendix 5:  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247599" Costed M&E plan   HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247600" Appendix 6: Standard Terminal Evaluation TOR  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247601" Appendix 7: Decision-making flowchart and organogram  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247602" Appendix 8: Terms of Reference  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247603" Appendix 9: Co-financing commitment letters  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247604" Appendix 10: Tracking tools  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc201247605" Appendix 11: GEF MSP TWA Plan of Operations for five Water System Groups Appendix 12 GEF MSP TWAP Methodology for the Assessments for five Water Systems Groups Appendix 13: GEF MSP TWAP proposal Groundwater Appendix 14: GEF MSP TWAP proposal Lakes/Reservoirs Appendix 15: GEF MSP TWAP proposal Rivers Appendix 16: GEF MSP TWAP proposal LMEs Appendix 17: GEF MSP TWAP proposal Open Ocean Appendix 18: Results and lessons learnt from the GIWA ACRONYMS and Abbreviations 3-D 3-dimenional APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APR Annual Project Report AQUASTAT FAO's Global Information System on Water and Agriculture ASLO Advancing the Science of Limnology and Oceanography (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography) BGR German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources BMZ German Federal Ministry of Development and Economic Cooperation BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BRGM  HYPERLINK "http://www.brgm.fr/" Bureau de recherches gologiques et minires  CC Climate Change CCA Causal Chain Analysis CD ROM Compact Disc Read-only Memory CEE Central and Eastern Europe CEO Chief Executive Officer CG Core Group CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CoML Census of Marine Life CRU Climate Research Unit DP Demonstration Project DPSIR Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework DSA Daily Subsistence Allowances DELTARES New Dutch Institute for Delta Technology DEWA Division of Early Warning and Assessment EA Executing Agency (of GEF) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EG Expert Group ENRIN Environment and Natural Resources Information Network ESA European Space Agency ETHZ Science and Technology University Zurich, Switzerland ETOPO2 USGS 2 Min Gridded Earth Topographic Data ETOPO5 USGS 5 Min Gridded Earth Topographic Data EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural Organization (United Nations) FAOSTAT FAO Statistical Data Base FSP Full Size Project GC Governing Council GDI German Development Institute GEF Global Environment Facility GEFSEC Global Environment Facility Secretariat GEMstat Global Water Quality Database GEMS-Water Global Environment Monitoring System Freshwater Quality Programme GEO Global Environmental Outlook GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection GGIS Global Groundwater Information System GIS Geographical Information System GIWA Global International Waters Assessment GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics GMEF Global Ministerial Environment Forum GoE Group of Experts GOOS Global Ocean Observing System GPA Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land- Based Activities GRAME Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre GRID Global Resource Information Database GTN-R Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge GWP Global Water Partnership GWSP Global Water System Project HDR Human Development Report HELCOM Helsinki Commission HPR Half-yearly Progress Report HYDRO1k Elevation Derivative Database IA Implementing Agency IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAGLR International Association for Great Lakes Research IAH International Association of Hydrogeologists ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics IETC International Environment Technology Centre (of UNEP) IGA Integrated Global Assessment IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre IHE Institute for Water Education IHP International Hydrological Programme IIASA International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis ILBM Integrated Lake Basin Management ILEC International Lake Environment Committee IMBER Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research IMO International Maritime Organization INBO International Network of Basin Organizations INWEB International Network of Water-Environment Centres for the Balkan IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO) IOCCG International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group IODE International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IR Inception Report ISARM Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management IUCN World Conservation Union IW International Waters IWC International Whaling Commission IW:LEARN International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network IWMI International Water Management Institute (of CGAIR) IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LME Large Marine Ecosystem LoA Letter of Agreement LOICZ Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone Project MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDG Millennium Development Goal MoU Memorandum of Understanding MRC Mekong River Commission MRS Materials Research Society MSP Medium Sized Project NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NALMS North American Lake Management Society NARBO Network of Asian River Basin Organisations NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEWS Project NGDC National Geophysical Data Centre NGO Non Governmental Organization NIS Newly Independent States NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration OAS  HYPERLINK "http://www.oas.org/" Organization of American States  OBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OP Operational Programme (of GEF) OSS Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel PCU Project Coordination Unit PIF Project Identification Form PIR Project Implementation Review PIRATA AVHRR Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer PPI Project Progress Indicators PTS Persistent Toxic Substances RBIS River Basin Information System RSCAP Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans RSP Regional Seas Programme RRC.AP Regional Resource Centre - Asia Pacific SADC Southern African Development Community SAHFOS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science SAP Strategic Action Plan SC Steering Committee SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor SEDAC Socio-economic Data and Application Centre SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SIDS Small Island Developing State SIL International Limnology Society (Societe International de Limnologie) SIWI Stockholm International Water Institute SOE State of the Environment SOLAS Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study SP Strategic Programme (of GEF) SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission STA Scientific and Technical Analysis STAP Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (of GEF) TA Technical Assistance TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis TOPO30 USGS National Mapping Division Topographic Data 3D File TPR Tripartite Project Review TWAP Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme UBC University of British Columbia UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNILC United Nations International Law Commission USD United States Dollars USGS United States Geological Survey WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WEHAB Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity WG Working Group WHO World Health Organisation WHYMAP World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme WLV World Lake Vision WLVAR World Lake Vision Action Report WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resources Institute WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development WWAP World Water Assessment Programme WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWW World Water Week Section 2: Background and Situation Analysis (Baseline course of action) Background and global context The transboundary groundwater systems, transboundary lakes/reservoirs systems, transboundary river systems, Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) and open ocean areas on which the socioeconomic development and well being of a significant part of the worlds population depends, continue to be degraded by anthropogenic and natural pressures, including global climate change. Among the constraints to effective management of transboundary waters is the lack of a systematic and scientifically-robust methodology for assessing the changing conditions of five different types of transboundary water systems resulting from human and natural causes, which would allow the policy makers, Global Environment Facility and international organisations to set science-based priorities for financial resource allocation. Such a methodology also would facilitate identification and assessment of positive changes in the environmental and resources situations in the transboundary water systems resulting from interventions by national authorities and international/regional communities. Such a global, comprehensive assessment has not yet been undertaken. The situation is quite complex with many agencies collecting some assessment information, and global science organizations undertaking modelling and making projections based on the data collected. Additionally, there is no GEF programme for capturing and analysing the time series of data collected by GEF IW projects, which can be a valuable addition to global assessment. UNEP has the responsibility and comparative advantage for undertaking assessment in the GEF and globally through its various programmes including the Global Environment Outlook (GEO). With fragmentation in the various agencies responsibilities and mandates, and because the GEO is not currently being able to address the changing state of transboundary water systems, such a programme would be valuable globally. However, there is no catalyst to begin the complex work of bringing partners together to collaborate and share information toward such a global assessment. The main concerns for the assessing each of the five categories of the transboundary water systems are still to be identified (see Appendix 12). They may include indicators for such elements as: groundwater extraction/discharge, groundwater recharge, contamination and vulnerability; water withdrawals, use, availability, shortage and projections; precipitation, variability, and projection; water quality, pollution loading estimates; aquatic/marine living resources and habitats, including time series of harvesting from FAO, measures of threat or loss or value, primary productivity from satellites, fishing pressure, by-catch estimates, etc. and freshwater wetlands as well as mangroves, coral reefs, sea-grass beds, tidal flats; ocean current fluctuations, oceanic ecosystems and living resources, warnings from satellite time series, and salinity changes. Threats, root causes and barrier analysis, including institutional, sectoral and policy context The transboundary groundwater systems, transboundary lakes/reservoirs systems, transboundary river systems, Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) and open ocean areas on which the socioeconomic development and well being of a significant part of the worlds population depends, continue to be degraded by anthropogenic and natural pressures, including global climate change. Among the constraints to effective management of transboundary waters is the lack of a systematic and scientifically-robust methodology for assessing the changing conditions of five different types of transboundary water systems resulting from human and natural causes, which would allow the policy makers, Global Environment Facility and international organisations to set science-based priorities for financial resource allocation. Baseline analysis and gaps As described above, currently there is no global programme focussing on transboundary water assessment in the world. Except very limited number of transboundary water bodies, there is no regular monitoring or assessment programme, and baseline for the health of these water bodies or trend in changes in them have not been established. Therefore, there is a need to develop an easy to apply methodology to establish the baseline as well as track down the change. Linkages with other GEF and non-GEF interventions The proposed project will have particularly close linkages with GEF IW projects. Since the mid-1990s, GEF has supported country-driven projects for improving transboundary management of aquifers, freshwater basins, LMEs, and selected ocean areas. To this end the project will provide valuable information and experiences for enhancing GEF IW projects. GEF programmes that relate directly to TWAP include its entire IW portfolio, which can use the assessments from TWAP in developing Transboundary Diagnostic Studies (TDAs) and Strategic Action Programmes (SAPs), and adopt the methodologies as appropriate. At the same time, the project will benefit from GEF IW projects and other assessment activities through the capture of data and information and the sharing of experiences. The process for regular assessments will also provide a platform for GEF and other international and regional agencies to monitor the results of their interventions in transboundary waters. In keeping with its mandate to keep under review the state of the global environment, UNEP DEWA is implementing or participating in several ongoing global and regional environmental assessments, as well as the planned UNGA 60/30 Regular Process. The proposed project will have close linkages with these activities and programmes, through the sharing of data and experiences. The project will also be closely linked with the Regional Seas Programme and the GPA. Other international agencies/organisations whose activities and programmes are particularly relevant to the project, and with which close linkages will be established, include the following: (i) FAO is involved in activities worldwide related to monitoring of fisheries resources and the promotion of responsible fisheries. It also maintains several pertinent databases and information systems of direct relevance to the project. These include time series of freshwater and marine fish landing statistics by country, which are also being used by the University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre in its Sea Around Us project to develop ecological indicators related to fishing for Large Marine Ecosystems. FAO also maintains databases and information systems; (ii) IOC is engaged in pertinent activities and programmes directed to marine systems. Of particular importance is the Global Oceans Observing System (GOOS), which it has developed and is continuously implementing. Standard GOOS products currently include regular oceanographic measurements, and the system is being further developed to monitor and forecast indicators of marine pollution, primary productivity, sediment transport and erosion, among others; (iii) UNESCO has two programmes with particularly close linkages with the project, including the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) and the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP). Since the inception of IHP, progress has been achieved in developing methodologies for hydrological and groundwater studies, and for training and education in the water sciences. Greater emphasis is being placed on the role of water resources management for sustainable development, and the adaptation of the hydrological sciences to cope with expected changing climate and environmental conditions. The global ISARM (Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management) programme is a multi-agency effort aimed at improving understanding of scientific, socioeconomic, legal, institutional and environmental issues related to management of transboundary aquifers. WWAP focuses on terrestrial freshwater, serving as an "umbrella" for coordination of existing UN initiatives within the freshwater assessment sphere. In this regard, it links strongly with the data and information systems of the UN agencies, examples being Global Resource Information Database (GRID), GEMS-Water (UNEP); Global Runoff Data Centre(WMO & FAO), International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (WMO and UNESCO), the water supply and sanitation databases (World Health Organization and United Nations Childrens Fund); and (iv) Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ): LOICZ has developed scientific knowledge and tools that address global change in the coastal zone, focusing on material flux and human dimensions at regional and global scales. Of relevance is the current development of a set of principles that provide the foundation for more efficient and responsible integrated management, by evaluating catchment and coastal governance with the capacity to respond to the impacts of global change. Central to this work is the interactions between practitioners and science. This project will have links with another IW MSP Enhancing the use of science in International Waters projects to improve project results which aims at capacity building. Lessons learnt from TWAP on assessments can be provided to the science MSP. While the TWAP will focus on environmental and resource status indicators, the science MSP will focus on process and stress indicators. This is complemented by continued further development and application of assessment models of material fluxes from land to sea, including nutrients, sediments and others (building on findings of the earlier UNEP/GEF IW project executed by LOICZ. The role of the coastal Ocean in the disturbed and undisturbed nutrient and carbon cycles), and the framing topic of assessing and modeling coastal and marine system status and change within a coupled socio ecological system approach. Outcomes comprise current ecological system state and vulnerability, and resilience information and plausible future scenarios considering socio political developments, as well as climate change. LOICZ is taking a leading role in these integrative modelling and assessment approaches encompassing the whole catchment-coast water continuum as the relevant scale down to the continental margins. The proposed project will have close linkages with these above-noted activities and programmes, through the sharing of information, data and experiences. DEWAs mission is to provide the world community with improved access to meaningful environmental data and information, and to help increase the capacity of governments to use environmental information in decision-making and in action planning for sustainable human development. The DEWA Water Assessment Strategy contributes to the overall implementation of the UNEP Water Policy and Strategy. The Strategy provides an integrated water assessment approach to address freshwater and coastal/marine water issues with greater focus and impact. With its partners, UNEP has made substantial investments over the years in the global and regional, as well as thematic state of the environment assessment and reporting processes. It is expected that UNEP, as well as other organizations, will integrate the methodology, as well as the results of the assessments, within other global cooperative assessment processes and programmes. The project will strengthen these processes by developing a foundation for providing the required data and information related to transboundary aquatic systems on a regular basis, as well as making available a methodology for use in assessing transboundary aquatic systems. Sustainability of the project outcomes will also be achieved, in part, through GEF IW projects, especially through the participating countries, which will ultimately be involved in implementation of the methodology and whose capacity to conduct the assessment will be strengthened. The expectation is that involvement of developing countries, SIDS, and countries with economies in transition, will become institutionalized in the process over the long-term, thus contributing to sustainability of the TWAP process. Rather than building a single institutional capacity for continuing the assessment, a number of regional institutions will be strengthened for conducting the assessments. Coordination by UNEP DEWA, in partnership with established organizations such as IOC and LOICZ, will promote the sustainability of TWAP, which is intended to become mainstreamed in the long-term work programmes of these bodies. Further, the utility of the methodology to the intended users must also be proven. If the assessment is highly valued by its users, there should be little difficulty in obtaining the financial resources and participation by stakeholders and the scientific community to repeat the process. This will be particularly important in terms of developing a platform for monitoring the impacts of management interventions in international waters by the international community. It is expected that the pilot data and information management system will be subsequently expanded and linked with similar systems, so that data and information could be easily updated as they become available. This will ensure the required information for the assessment is available on a sustained basis. Financial sustainability of the assessment process will be sought by linking it with other regional and global assessment activities, particularly of UNEP, and the associated financial mechanisms. Moreover, financial sustainability will be assured if the major national, regional and international partners and stakeholders are convinced of the value and feasibility of the methodology and assessment process. In adopting the methodology and being part of the assessment process, it is hoped that each of these bodies would take some financial responsibility for the assessment, monitoring and evaluation process itself. Further financing would be required at the global level through commitments from traditional funding and programmatic support. A wider set of financing sources (including private sources) will be identified and approached to support the continuation of the assessments. Section 3: Intervention strategy (Alternative) 3.1. Project rationale, policy conformity and expected global environmental benefits The GEFs Technical Advisory Group for strategy development in the International Waters (IW) focal area identified the need for such an assessment programme in early 2007, and the GEF Council included this corporate need for a Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) in its approved GEF 4 Strategy for International Waters to assist in results-based management for the future. Such a global, comprehensive assessment has not yet been undertaken. The situation is quite complex with many agencies collecting some assessment information, and global science organizations undertaking modelling and making projections based on the data collected. Additionally, there is no GEF programme for capturing and analysing the time series of data collected by GEF IW projects, which can be a valuable addition to global assessment. UNEP has the responsibility and comparative advantage for undertaking assessment in the GEF and globally through its various programmes including the Global Environment Outlook (GEO). With fragmentation in the various agencies responsibilities and mandates, and because the GEO is not currently being able to address the changing state of transboundary water systems, such a programme would be valuable globally. However, there is no catalyst to begin the complex work of bringing partners together to collaborate and share information toward such a global assessment. The proposed medium-size project is to develop: (i) a partnership among organisations; (ii) the methodology for assessment /results tracking for each of the five categories of transboundary water systems (transboundary groundwater; transboundary lakes/reservoirs; transboundary river basins; Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs); and open ocean areas) under the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP); and (iii) the arrangements needed to conduct a baseline transboundary waters assessment that may be conducted following completion of the MSP. The periodic assessment would then be sustained in the futures through the partnership of agencies and organizations, and would include data series collected by GEF IW projects that would be useful to those agencies and to UNEPs GEO process. Project preparation finance is needed to bring agencies and partners together to develop the strategy and arrangements for undertaking this project. The data, the models and the sources of information are disparate, being located in many different places, including in government agencies. Details on such methodologies and appropriate processes for conducting such assessments through the partnership will not be available until the MSP is completed. The strategy and details for the processes to be undertaken in the MSP cannot be provided until such agencies and science-based organisations come together and agree on sharing information, collecting it from disparate sources, and developing terms for accomplishing this goal in the MSP. The underpinnings of the proposed projects would be as follows: The Earths waters will be divided into five categories of transboundary water systems (groundwater; lakes/reservoirs; river basins, LMEs; and open ocean). Polygons would be utilised in a GIS system to characterize individual systems as assessment units, examples being the Senegal River Basin, the Benguela Current LME, or a current, gyre system or region in the oceans. Various attributes would be assigned to those polygons for various assessment criteria/indicators/projections to enable a relative assessment among each of the systems within the five categories. The MSP would involve (i) development of possible indicators to be used; (ii) identification of possible source of information/data; and (iii) identification of assessment units. The MSP will also develop practical arrangements for carrying out the assessment, including necessary institutional basis and framework, identification of necessary partnerships for data collection and assembly, and identification of capacity building needs so that organisations can contribute, and the strategy for carrying out the assessments. The TWAP should involve a periodic assessment, based on the selected indicators and existing institutional frameworks mandated by agencies/organizations that handle those particular issues related to transboundary waters. Partnerships will be established with various United Nations (UN) agencies, international/regional NGOs, the CGIAR system, and scientific organizations to develop the assessment methodologies tailored for each of the five categories of transboundary water systems in order to gather, assess quality, and assimilate data and information, as well as harmonizing data management systems. The main concerns for the assessing each of the five categories of the transboundary water systems are still to be identified (see Appendix 12 IV). They may include indicators for such elements as: groundwater extraction/discharge, groundwater recharge, contamination and vulnerability; water withdrawals, use, availability, shortage and projections; precipitation, variability, and projection; water quality, pollution loading estimates; aquatic/marine living resources and habitats, including time series of harvesting from FAO, measures of threat or loss or value, primary productivity from satellites, fishing pressure, by-catch estimates, etc. and freshwater wetlands as well as mangroves, coral reefs, sea-grass beds, tidal flats; ocean current fluctuations, oceanic ecosystems and living resources, warnings from satellite time series, and salinity changes. Agreed methodologies for periodic worldwide assessments will provide a means of tracking relative results over time for GEF purposes in setting priorities for its resource allocation base, utilizing understanding of baseline environmental and water resource conditions and tracking the longer term results of its interventions. In this manner, GEF can make more effective use of its resources for addressing higher priority water bodies, and also can determine and report on the impacts of its funding. UNEP and other UN organizations would use the results to contribute to the global assessments carried out by each organization carries out (e.g., Global Environment Outlook of UNEP; UN-wide World Water Development Report coordinated by UNESCO). Regional organisations may use the assessment results as a baseline, and for tracking improvements in environmental and water resource situations against the baseline. National governments can use the results to establish national programmatic priorities between transboundary and domestic water issues. Further to the presented project framework above, the log frame of the TWAP is presented in the Appendix 3. The proposed MSP will add value to the array of existing and planned national, regional and international water assessment activities and programmes, by developing a framework to produce a global assessment of major transboundary water systems based on data and information generated by these activities. By focusing the assessment process on data and information management, new assessment results can be obtained in a timely, cost-effective manner by regularly updating and revising data and information. In this regard, the use of relevant indicators will be an important element of the assessment methodology. The MSP is consistent with GEF IV International Waters Strategy, which focuses on the targeted learning aspect of GEF IW projects. The mandate to establish a GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme was identified in the GEF Councilapproved International Waters Strategy (paragraph 38). The project will contribute to the Strategic Programmes 1-4 of the same strategy. 3.2. Project goal and objective The Project Objective is to develop the methodologies for conducting a global assessment of transboundary groundwater, lake/reservoir and river basins, Large Marine Ecosystems, and open ocean areas for GEF purposes and to catalyse a partnership and arrangements for conducting such a global assessment Project components and expected results COMPONENT 1: Development of transboundary waters assessment methodologies for the gef iw global assessment This project will develop and validate a methodology for assessing major transboundary water systems that can be applied in multiple ecological and sociopolitical contexts. TWAP will establish Working Groups (WGs) at the (a) five water systems level; and (b) MSP level. Five technical Working Groups (WG) will be established, at the level of water systems, for the development of the methodology and for development of institutional arrangements for the implementation of TWAP: (a) Groundwater WG; (b) Lakes/reservoirs WG; (c) River basins WG, (d) LMEs WG; and (e) Open ocean WG. Two technical Working Groups will be established at the MSP level: (a) Interlinkage and Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and Demonstration Projects (DPs) WG; and (b) Data management and indicators WG. Each of these WGs will have five members (each of the five water system WGs will delegate one expert into each of the two WGs). It is expected that each of the five WGs will cover the cost of the participation of its own delegate in these two WGs. The proposed methodology will be a science-based methodology that connects human- and climate-induced changes to freshwater systems at the drainage basin and aquifer level, linked with the human and natural forces driving changes in marine areas. To foster the broader, integrated perspective consistent with the entire hydrological cycle, the methodology will seek to integrate the assessment to deal with the interlinkages between these water systems. The methodology will make use of relevant regional and global geo-referenced databases and indicators. More specifically, this will consist of an IW indicator framework based on process indicators, stress reduction indicators, and environmental status indicators. Suites of indicators for environmental state and trends, as well as anthropogenic and natural driving forces of changes in these systems, will be developed and used to establish initial baseline conditions, and for future quantitative evaluation of the changing states of these ecosystems and associated pressures. Also to be included will be approaches for analysis and mapping of the geospatial threats to transboundary water ecosystems, using appropriate indicators. Simple forecasting scenarios for forecasting will be developed under the causal chain analysis, based, for example, on assumptions used in GEO and MA projects. The ability to undertake an Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) of the worlds major transboundary water ecosystems depends on the wide array of existing regional and international research, monitoring, and assessment activities and initiatives around the globe. The framework is intended to include major regional and international institutions and existing frameworks and programmes, so that the assessment process can be sustained through these established bodies. The Interlinkage WG will prepare an inventory of major regional and international agencies, available datasets and existing networks that can potentially contribute to the assessment, and evaluate their suitability for inclusion in the framework. Outcome: GEF adopts the assessment methodologies for its Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme that can help support Results-based Management in the International Waters Focal Area Activities Five Working Groups of experts at the water systems level for five transboundary water systems (groundwater, lakes/reservoirs basins, shared river basins, LMEs and open ocean areas) will be established. The WGs will be lead by the following institutions UNESCO-IHP, UNEP/ILEC, UCC, NOAA, and UNESCO-IOC for the groundwater, lakes/reservoirs, river basins, LMEs, and open oceans respectively. Workshops will be convened, with first workshop held within the first three months of the project. Common Plans of Operation and approach to the Assessment Methodology preparation applicable to all five Working Groups are presented in Appendices 13-17. Individual Plans of Operation and approaches to Assessment Methodology preparation applicable to each Working Group and presenting more details than in common Plans and Methodology documents are presented in Appendices 13-17, for groundwater, lakes/reservoirs, rivers, LMEs and open oceans respectively. Meetings of the five WGs will be convened. Each of the five WGs will develop an acceptable, feasible methodology for global-scale assessment of a particular transboundary water system, including identification of regions and respective boundaries as well as end users in transboundary management institutions (Appendix 12 for common approach and Appendices 13-17 for individual approach of each WG). Each of the five WGs will select a suite of indicators for use in water system assessments (Appendix 12 for common approaches and Appendices 13-17 for individual approaches of each WG). Establishment of two WGs at the MSP level: (a) Interlinkage among five water system groups and development of Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and Demonstration Projects (DPs) proposals WG; and (b) Data management and indicators WG. Each of these WGs will have five members (each of the five water systems WGs will delegate one expert into each of the two WGs. It is expected that each of the five WGs will cover the cost of the participation of its own delegate in these two WGs. Meetings of these two WGs will be convened. The Interlinkage WG will work on: (a) proposal of the scope, framework and terminology of the assessment methodology; (b) definition of the assessment unit; (c) preparation of the inventory of major regional and international agencies, available datasets and existing networks based on the input and contributions from the five water system WGs; and (d) development of the proposals for IGA and DPs to be implemented in the post-MSP phase. Data management and indicators WG will develop a set of indicators for the IGA. Key Outputs Stakeholder-validated methodology for the assessment of a water system (groundwater, lakes/reservoirs, river basins, LMEs, open ocean areas), including assessment units/boundaries; priority issues; linkages among water systems; key indicators (scientific, environmental, socio-economic and governance); assessment products; institutional framework; partnerships, roles/responsibilities; and global coordination and harmonization framework among water systems. Developed proposal for IGA and DPs (to include assessment units, partners and institutions to be involved, data needed and their availability, estimate for required financial resources and timeframe for conducting actual IGA and DPs) to be implemented in the post-MSP phase. Sustainability mechanisms for IGA. Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions. Strategy for assessing capacity building needs. COMPONENT 2: Development of a partnership among agencies and organizations to conduct the gef transboundary waters assessment programme Project will catalyze the establishment of a cooperative partnership of assessment programmes of many organizations to develop an Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) of worlds transboundary water systems and a tracking framework for demonstrating progress/results globally for all types of transboundary water systems, including GEF IW results-based management. GEF will use this framework for priority setting of its international waters projects in relation to progress elsewhere Such a corporate use should come out clear at the start. Currently, assessment work globally is fragmented in the water area and not usable for transboundary water systems. Assembling a partnership among existing programmes is more cost effective than starting from scratch and collecting information independently. Without this project , no such partnership would be created and no such assessment framework produced to overcome existing gaps. Outcome: The partnership among agencies and organizations is established and institutional arrangements finalized to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. Activities: Establish partnership and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the work plans of the five WGs and for the preparation of the IGA and DPs. Determine options for the institutional mechanism, including necessary networks and partners. Develop a proposal on sustainable mechanism for long-term implementation of IGA. Develop the Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions. Develop the Strategy for the assessment of the capacity building needs. Develop a document on the awareness and buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, and opportunities to share the data and information identified. Convene the meeting of partners and major stakeholders to review progress in the implementation of the project Develop the project website and disseminate documents through website and other means. Key outputs: Partnership and institutional arrangements for the assessment of major transboundary water systems established. Sustainability mechanisms for the long-term implementation of the Integrated Global Assessment of major transboundary water systems. Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions. Strategy for assessment of capacity building needs. Awareness and buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, and opportunities to share data and information identified. Information dissemination and exchange mechanism. Intervention logic and key assumptions The MSP activities will be carried out through three-four expert group meetings and working groups to develop specific institutional arrangements for the global assessment. Although there is currently no institutional mechanism that is currently in place to undertake these periodic assessments, focused specifically on transboundary water systems, several observing and assessment activities conducted by a number of global and regional agencies, as well as other ongoing or planned assessments, can provide the basis for a network of interested parties to conduct periodic assessments. There will be two cross-cutting working groups, which will be established at the MSP level: (a) Interlinkage among five water system groups and development of Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and Demonstration Projects (DPs) proposals WG; and (b) Data management and indicators WG. Each of these WGs will have five members (each of the five water systems WGs will delegate one expert into each of the two WGs. It is expected that each of the five WGs will cover the cost of the participation of its own delegate in these two WGs. Meetings of these two WGs will be convened. The work of the five water body based working groups will be overseen and coordinated through the project steering and coordination meetings. The key assumptions for the project implementation are: Each group has necessary expertise and develop methodology without technical problems. Further each group will have proper coordination among the participating institutions; Each group has sufficient knowledge about the information availability, data/information gaps and realistic capacity to carry out actual assessment in the future. The inter-linkage working group will function in the manner that the hydrological, geo-chemical, ecological and socio-economic linkages between/among the water bodies can be sufficiently incorporated into the work of each of the working groups. Risk analysis and risk management measures There will be a risk that the development of methodologies will not be based either on the existing assessment activities by various UN and other organizations, or on the availability of data and information for actually applying the methodologies. As described above, the project is taking an approach to develop methodologies that is based on the existing assessment initiatives by UN and other organisations that are actually carrying out assessments on specific topics, and storing both primary data and assessment results. To mitigate the risk, the project will establish partnership of institutions that have developed their assessment methodologies and carried out assessments, in order to ensure that the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme can be built on the existing initiatives and on the data and information available. The project will adopt a two level assessment approach, namely, Level 1 globally, with the developed guidelines and Level 2, in regional polygons which can serve as international case studies with time series, and which would bring their own methodologies, possibly within a provided framework. The logframe in Appendix 3 also indicates the assumptions for developing a methodology for each of the five categories of the transboundary water systems. RiskRisk TypeRatingRisk management strategy1. Methodologies are not developed on the basis of the available information/data and ongoing programmes/initiativesOperationalMediumThere will be a more detailed analysis of what programmes/initiatives are currently producing what assessment results, and how these can be utilised for the purpose of the TWAP. Further, there will be firm partnerships established for the purpose of implementing the MSP, to ensure the partnership relevant to the identified programmes and initiatives are fully engaged in the whole MSP implementation process.2. Methodologies and arrangements do not clearly show benefits to inter-governmental organizations, governments and private sectors for their participation in the future TWAP implementation.PoliticalLowThe arrangements document to be developed and produced should clearly identify the role of participants and players in the future TWAP in such a manner that each player/stakeholders benefit from the TWAP will be highlighted.3. Participating partners insist on using their own assessment methodologies, without understanding or trying to achieve, the overall objective of the TWAP.OperationalLow3.1 Involvement of partners from the beginning of project implementation. 3.2 Linking to on-going IWRM activities where possible.4. Limited influence of national and catchment stakeholders in promoting and sustaining IWRM.OperationalLow4.1 Use of media and targeted political messages to encourage the engagement of influential stakeholders. 4.2 Capacity building in the engagement of influential stakeholders. 4.3 Active engagement with national and regional NGOs to promote IWRM and support projects in promoting community empowerment and stewardship.5. Restricted capacity of stakeholders to implement IWRM best practices.StrategicLow5.1 Provision of SIDS IWRM guidance for self-development coupled with general and specific IWRM training needs to augment existing capacity. 5.2 Linking to other on-going or proposed IWRM projects. 5.3 Regional support to secure national project coordinators. Consistency with national priorities or plans The proposed MSP is global in scope, and is meant primarily for the benefit of GEF, UNEP and other UN and international organizations to better serve developing countries, countries in transition, and Small Island Developing States. All the beneficiary countries are GEF-eligible countries under the GEF IW focal area. While this proposed project is global in scope, it can potentially support existing GEF IW projects and all future GEF IW projects, most being country-driven, by providing feasible assessment methodologies that can be adapted and implemented for all transboundary water systems. The proposed MSP will be linked to planned and ongoing observing and assessment activities, including GEF projects, building on them and adding value to the data and information they produce, through analysis and synthesis. TWAP will also provide a basis for identifying regional priorities within the defined assessment units, but that also captures national priorities. Therefore, the project will support the national and transboundary priorities in international waters of practically every GEF-eligible country. For the longer term, the assessments will support efforts related to the protection and sustainable development of transboundary waters, by providing a scientific basis for policy interventions. Most of the countries, for example, are contracting parties to Regional Seas Conventions and/or participate in regional and global action plans and programs related to aquatic issues. The project also will be closely linked with the UNEP Regional Seas Programme (RSP), under which 18 RS Conventions and action plans are in existence around the world, as well as with the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA). The countries are also parties to other international agreements and frameworks relevant to aquatic issues, such as UNFCCC, FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Ramsar, MARPOL, and a number of River Basin Organizations and Commissions. The assessments will also support efforts towards achievement of the WSSD targets (which countries have endorsed) related to fishery stocks and access to freshwater and sanitation, for example, by allowing countries to track their progress towards achieving these targets, and for making required interventions. UNEP, together with other relevant partners, has endeavored to support governments efforts to meet the goals, targets and objectives set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation focusing on: (i) environmental monitoring, assessment and early warning; (ii) implementing the so-called WEHAB (water and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture, and biological diversity) agenda; and (iii) promoting policy integration. Finally, countries have called for assessment of aquatic systems in general, including through the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects (UNGA60/30 Regular Process), and the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP). Developed countries not eligible for GEF funding may also participate in the project. The input from these non-eligible countries is critical to the long-term success and sustainability of the assessment process, since they can contribute available expertise, resources, experiences and technical support. These countries will also benefit, in that they will be able to adopt the methodologies for assessment of their own transboundary water bodies. In addition, these countries are frequently important contributors to pollution and other harmful impacts within transboundary aquatic systems. Incremental cost reasoning GEF has invested one billion dollars thus far to address transboundary water concerns identified by countries based on site-specific analyses of the transboundary waters and the root causes for degradation of their resources and environment. There is currently no global/regional mechanism that specifically focuses on the assessment of transboundary water systems, although there are a number of global/regional assessment programmes which either focus on specific issues (such as fisheries), or which assess both transboundary and domestic issues together in a limited manner. There is no way to utilize the data arising from GEF international waters projects, and there is no global system to track the status of these water systems over time, in order to determine whether they are improving or degrading. Without a framework of TWAP, as outlined above, the GEF and international communities risk spending scarce financial resources in the wrong places, and will not be able to demonstrate results over time relative to other water bodies. This project will design the methodology, and develop the needed partnerships and implementation arrangements with existing, fragmented programs to serve GEF corporate needs as specified in the GEF 4 Strategy for International Waters approved by the GEF Council. Sustainability The ultimate goal of the project is to establish a programme for continuous assessment of major transboundary aquatic systems and to provide a platform for the international community to evaluate and monitor the impacts of interventions in international waters. The sustainability of the project benefits and financing are partially addressed by its linkages with existing and planned regional and international research, monitoring, and assessment initiatives and programmes around the globe. Being based on the major regional and international institutions and existing frameworks and programmes ensures that the assessment process can be sustained through these established bodies. Development of an appropriate framework, which will be agreed and accepted by all major partners and stakeholders, will contribute to the sustainability of the process. With its partners, UNEP has made substantial investmentsovertheyears in the global and regional, as well as thematic state of the environment assessment and reporting processes. It is expected that UNEP as well as other organizations will integrate the methodology, as well as results of the assessments, within other globalcooperativeassessmentprocesses and programmes. The project will strengthen these processes by developing a foundation for providing the required data and information related to transboundary aquatic systems on a regular basis, as well as making available a methodology for use in the assessment of transboundary aquatic systems. Sustainability of the project outcomes will also be achieved, in part, through the GEF IW projects, especially through the participating countries, which will ultimately be involved in the implementation of the methodology and whose capacity to conduct the assessment will be strengthened. The expectation is that the involvement of developing countries, SIDS, and countries with economies in transition will become institutionalized in the process in the long-term, thus contributing to sustainability of the TWAP process. Rather than building a single institutional capacity for continuing the assessment, a number of regional institutions will be targeted for strengthening for conducting the assessments after the MSP. Coordination by UNEP DEWA, in partnership with established organizations such as IOC will promote the sustainability of TWAP, which is intended to become mainstreamed in the long-term work programmes of these bodies. Furthermore, the utility of the methodology to the intended users must also be proven. If the assessment is highly valued by the users, then there should be little difficulty in obtaining the financial resources and participation by stakeholders and the scientific community to repeat the process. This will be particularly important in terms of development of a platform for monitoring the impacts of interventions in international waters by the international community. Financial sustainability of the assessment process will be sought by linking it with other regional and global assessment activities, particularly of UNEP, and the associated financial mechanisms. Moreover, financial sustainability will be assured if the major national, regional and international partners and stakeholders are convinced of the value and feasibility of the methodology and assessment process. In adopting the methodology and being part of the assessment process, it is hoped that each of these bodies would take some financial responsibility for the assessment, monitoring and evaluation process. Further financing would be required at the global level through commitment from traditional funding and programmatic support. A wider set of financing sources (including private sources) will be identified and approached to support the continuation of the assessments. Replication The project is not in itself intended to be replicable. However, component 2 is designed to increase the replicability of project outcomes. The assessment methodology and capacity building will be replicable in other regions, based on the results of the pilot assessments, which would allow the development of a strategy to repeat the assessment and capacity building in other regions. The pilot assessments would aim to capture lessons and best practices for replication in other regions. It is intended that the methodology will be adaptable to the specific circumstances of each region, thus facilitating its replicability in different regions. Replication of the methodology will also occur through its adoption in other regional and global assessment activities (e.g., GRAME, GEO) and programmes (e.g., Regional Seas), and linkage of the process with other assessments. GEF International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network (IW:LEARN) will be utilized to help foster the replicability of project outcomes among GEF IW projects. The capability to repeat the RIWAP assessment will also exist because it will be founded on a sound conceptual framework. It is also hoped that the methodology would be adaptable and replicable in the assessment of other thematic areas, for example, biodiversity and land. Public awareness, communications and mainstreaming strategy To raise awareness and promote buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, the Interlinkage WG will explore/identify opportunities to share data and information. Opportunities to establish dialogue with these potential stakeholders and partners will also be identified at appropriate regional and global fora. Based on the outcomes of these discussions and evaluation, options for an institutional mechanism will be determined, including the necessary networks and partnerships. Environmental and social safeguards The proposed project will develop methodologies for the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis. In order to ensure social and economic issues are included in the assessment in the future, in each of the groups, inter-linkage working group will check the methodology as to whether the methodologies include necessary social and economic issues in them. Section 4: Institutional Framework and Implementation Arrangements Executing Agencies UNEP-DEWA (Nairobi) will be the Executing Agency of the project. Implementing Agency The Implementing Agency will be UNEP, with Executing Agency being UNEP-DEWA, with executive partners of UNESCO-IHP, UNESCO-IOC, UNDP, World Bank, UCC, SIWI, ILEC, University of Kalmar, and others to be identified. Project Steering Committee A Project Steering Committee (SC) will be established to oversee the implementation of the project. It will consist of representatives from UNEP, UNEP-DGEF, GEF Secretariat, UNESCO-IOC, UNESCO-IHP, UNDP, World Bank, Finland, IUCN, IGRAC, ETHZ, SIWI, UCC, GRID, LOICZ, BMZ/BGR, University of Kalmar, NOAA, GESAMP, ILEC and financial contributors. The list should be more clearly defined. It will meet at least three times during the life of the project, and generally provide policy guidance and advice to the management team regarding the progress and direction of the project; review and approve the overall project work plan against budget allocations; review progress reports; review and approve the overall budget, and project monitoring, evaluation and audit reports; provide general oversight of project implementation; establish the operational agreements with co-executing agencies; and assist with outreach, administration and other tasks. The SC will also monitor the progress of the project and approve any major changes to the projects strategic direction and work plan. Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) The Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) will be based in UNEPs Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), in Nairobi, Kenya. The unit will be headed by a UNEP staff member, with another full time PCU staff member funded by the project and a part-time UNEP staff member. It will be responsible for project management, chairing the Steering Committee, and liaison with UNEP/GEF and GEF. Information Dissemination A website for dissemination and exchange of information will be developed in line with IWLEARN recommendation, and linked with other websites such as IW:LEARN, GEF, GPA, Regional Seas Programme, and other relevant programmes and initiatives. Outcome: Effective project implementation, management and achievement of all project objectives within the project timeframe; facilitation of information dissemination and exchange. Section 5: Stakeholder participation The MSP implementation will be coordinated by UNEP (Division of Early Warning and Assessment) through many partners that are already engaged in assessment efforts. Expert groups would be organized with each of the group tasked with developing a methodology for the assessing of each of the five categories of transboundary water systems. Another small working group, comprised of regional organizations and supporting organizations with relevant materials, may be established to assist. Overall guidance will be provided by the project steering committee, comprised of UNEP, the lead agency for each expert group, and other co-financing organizations, and including the GEF Secretariat. The following participants are confirmed to contribute to the development of methodologies: (a) transboundary groundwater systems: UNESCO-IHP groundwater (lead), UNEP, IGRAC, BMZ/BGR; (b) transboundary lake/reservoirs basin systems UNEP (lead) with ILEC; (c) transboundary river basins: UCC-Water and SIWI (co-leads), IUCN, ETH, FAO; (d) and (e) LMEs and open ocean: UNESCO-IOC (lead), NOAA, GRID-Arendal, WCMC, LOICZ, University of Kalmar, and GESAMP. Many other needed partners also will be invited to participate including FAO (fisheries), WHO, WMO, various institutes, science networks, and the CGIAR system (e.g., International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka). The background of these institutions and organisations are provided below. UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) DEWA is implementing or participating in several global and regional environmental assessments that are related to or include water ecosystems. DEWAs mission is to provide the world community with improved access to meaningful environmental data and information, and to help increase the capacity of governments to use environmental information for decision-making and action planning for sustainable human development. DEWA Water Assessment Strategy contributes to the overall implementation of the UNEP Water Policy and Strategy. The strategy provides an integrated water assessment approach that will tackle fresh and coastal/marine water issues with greater focus and impact. DEWA undertakes, supports and is a partner in a number of environmental assessments with different thematic and geographic coverage. DEWA is represented in six regions (Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and West Asia), through its six regional coordination offices. Global Environment Outlook (GEO) The GEO project was initiated in response to the environmental reporting requirements of Agenda 21 and to a UNEP Governing Council decision that requested the production of a new comprehensive global state of the environment report. A coordinated global network of collaborating centres (CCs) is at the core of the GEO process. Regional centres are now responsible for almost all the regional inputs, combining top-down integrated assessment with bottom-up environmental reporting. Other institutions provide specialized expertise on cross-cutting or thematic issues. Working groups provide advice and support to the GEO process, particularly on integrated assessment methodologies and process planning. The GEO reports are produced using a participatory and consultative approach. Input is solicited from a wide range of sources throughout the world, including the collaborating centre network, United Nations organizations and independent experts. UNEP now prepares an annual Global Environment Outlook statement to highlight significant environmental events and achievements during the year. GEO 4 is in preparation for publication in 2007. GEO Data Portal The authoritative source for data sets used by UNEP and its partners in the GEO report and other integrated environment assessments. Its on-line database holds more than 300 different variables, as national, regional and sub-regional statistics or as geo-spatial data sets. Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) In recognition of and response to the threats from land-based activities on coastal and marine areas, 108 governments and the European Commission declared their commitment to protect and preserve the marine environment from the adverse environmental impacts of land-based activities. The GPA aims at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities by facilitating the realization of the duty of States to preserve and protect the marine environment. It is designed to assist States in taking actions individually or jointly within their respective policies, priorities and resources, which will lead to the prevention, reduction, control and/or elimination of the degradation of the marine environment, as well as to its recovery from the impacts of land-based activities. Achievement of the aims of the GPA will contribute to maintaining and, where appropriate, restoring the productive capacity and biodiversity of the marine environment, ensuring the protection of human health, as well as promoting the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources. Regional Seas Programme The UNEP Regional Seas Programme (RSP), an alliance between the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans (RSCAPs), constitutes a unique approach to the protection of the coastal and marine environment, mandated by the Governing bodies of the individual RSCAPs. The RSP is UNEPs central mechanism for the implementation of activities relevant to Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 referring to the Protection of the Oceans and Seas. The RSP also provides an important platform for co-ordinated regional implementation of the GPA, among other global initiatives, programmes and Multilateral Environment Agreements. The RSP covers 18 world regions, making it one of the most globally comprehensive initiatives for the protection of marine and coastal environments. RSP fosters regional cooperation in the marine and coastal environment, which it accomplishes by stimulating the creation of 'Action Plans' for each region. These include a series of regional Conventions - unique legal instruments designed to protect shared environmental interests. UNEP Global River Basin Information System A River Basin Information System (RBIS) prototype has been developed through a collaborative effort between UNEP DEWA and University of New Hampshire. This RBIS prototype is intended as a preliminary phase in exploring global change impacts and challenges to natural resources on a limited scale focusing initially on selected, key basins and a subset of relevant data themes. Global Assessment of Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental Change This is a framework used to assess the vulnerability of surface and groundwater to human land uses, within an integrated river basin management approach. In Africa, the project has provided significant baseline information on vulnerable aquifers fed by the River Nile in North Africa, serious freshwater shortages in West Africa, the variable rain-fed aquifers of Eastern Africa, and the uneven distribution of freshwater in Southern Africa. Detailed assessments will be undertaken on the river and aquifer basins of Central Africa, in order to create a comprehensive River Basin Information System, which will also serve as a precursor to a global assessment of international and regional freshwater agreements, with a specific focus on groundwater vulnerability. Global Environment Monitoring System Freshwater Quality Programme (GEMS-Water) A multi-faceted water science programme oriented towards understanding freshwater quality issues throughout the world. GEMS-Water develops and maintains a global freshwater quality information system with a series of national and international partners. It provides information on global freshwater quality through a variety of mechanisms including the Internet and via CD ROM to support global and regional environmental assessment and reporting processes in the United Nations system and other international agencies. GEMS-Water works with partners to facilitate the formulation and implementation of programmes to build capacity of developing countries for the acquisition and management of water quality information. UN Atlas of the Oceans This Internet-based Atlas provides users with continuously updated strategic data on the state of the world's oceans, maps, development trends and threats to human health from the deteriorating marine environment. The Oceans Atlas is the result of extensive cooperation in the UN and with leading scientific agencies. It is designed to be an encyclopaedic resource but also the world's foremost information clearinghouse and online forum for experts in ocean issues. Vital Water Graphics UNEP has compiled this report in order to provide an easily accessible resource on the state of the worlds waters. The goal of this publication is to produce a clear overview, through a set of graphics, maps and other illustrations, of the state of the worlds fresh and marine waters. It also illustrates the causes, effects, trends and threats facing our water sources, with examples of areas of major concern and future scenarios for the use and management of fresh, coastal and marine waters. Regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects (GRAME) GRAME is an upcoming activity for the assessment of the state of coastal and marine environments that will build on existing regional assessments. The UN General Assembly (UNGA), in its resolution 57/141, decided to establish by 2004 a regular process for the global assessment and reporting of the state of the marine environment. The resolution was based, inter alia, on a feasibility study initiated by UNEP Governing Council in 2001. In its resolution 60/30, UNGA has decided to launch a start-up phase, the assessment of assessments, as a preparatory stage towards the establishment of the regular process, and has invited UNEP and IOC to jointly undertake the role of lead agencies, under the guidance of an Ad Hoc Steering Group. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) The MA is an international project designed to meet the needs of decision-makers and the public for scientific information concerning the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and options for responding to those changes. It focuses on ecosystem services (the benefits people obtain from ecosystems), how changes in ecosystem services have affected human wellbeing, and response options that might be adopted at local, national, or global scales to improve ecosystem management. The MA is a multiscale assessment, consisting of interlinked assessments undertaken at local, watershed, national, regional and global scales. Among the ecosystems included in the MA are freshwater, coastal and marine systems. UNEP.net A global portal to authoritative environmental information based on themes and regions. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances This project aims at making regional assessments of the damages and threats posed by Persistent Toxic Substances (PTS). It relies upon the collection and interpretation of existing data through questionnaires at the country level. Funded by GEF in conjunction with several donor states, the project is being implemented by UNEP Chemicals Unit. The globe is divided into 12 regions with the assessment producing 12 Regional Reports. A Global Report, which highlights the major issues from the Regional Reports, gives a list of priority issues and suggests interventions to address the problems identified. The Global Report will provide guidance to the GEF and UNEP for further action. No research will be undertaken to generate primary data, but projections may be made to fill data gaps and to predict threats to the environment. UNEP Science initiative The Executive Director of UNEP has invited governments, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and the scientific community to provide their views on strengthening the scientific base of UNEP by improving its ability to monitor and assess global environmental change. This ongoing multi-stakeholder consultative process to strengthen the scientific base of UNEP is referred to as the Science Initiative. The increasing complexity of environmental degradation now requires an enhanced capacity for scientific assessment, monitoring, and early warning. For this reason UNEP GC/GMEF has initiated a consultative process to identify gaps and needs in the current assessment structure, and the means to address them through the UNEP Science Initiative. Bali Strategic Plan The Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and capacity Building, agreed to by the UNEP GC/GMEF, calls upon UNEP to strengthen national capacities for data collection, research, analysis, monitoring and integrated environmental assessment; developing institutional capacities, staff training and support for appropriate and adaptable technologies and methodologies; support for assessments of environmental issues of regional and subregional importance and for the assessment and early warning of emerging environmental issues; support for scientific exchanges and for the establishment of environmental and inter disciplinary information networks; and promotion of coherent partnership approaches. The Plan also aims to enhance delivery by UNEP of technology support and capacity building based on best practices from both within and outside UNEP, and to strengthen cooperation among UNEP, multilateral environmental agreements, and other bodies engaged in environmental capacity building.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unep.org/redirect/to.asp?url=http://www.grida.no/enrin/" ENRIN - Environment and Natural Resource Information Network in Central/Eastern Europe - NIS ENRIN's objectives are to: help countries in CEE and the NIS to inform citizens and decision-makers within their countries and abroad about the state of the national environment (SoE) in the most effective and cost-efficient way. GRID - Global and Regional Integrated Data Centres GRID is a global network of environmental data centres facilitating the generation and dissemination of key environmental geo-referenced and statistical data-sets and information products, focusing on environmental issues and natural resources. GRID centres typically have the ability, expertise and specialized information technology (environmental data management, remote sensing/Geographic Information Systems) to prepare, analyse and present environmental data and information, which are the basis for reliable environmental assessments. They aim to provide and facilitate access to environmental data and information for decision-making and policy setting, and to underpin UNEP's review of the state of the world's environment and provide early warning on emerging environmental threats.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unep.org/redirect/to.asp?url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/" World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) UNEP-WCMC provides information for policy and action to conserve biodiversity. Programmes concentrate on species, forests, protected areas, marine and freshwaters; habitats affected by climate change such as Polar Regions. UNEP-WCMC also addresses the relationship between trade and the environment and the wider aspects of biodiversity assessment. Earthwatch Earthwatch provides integrated policy-relevant information gathered from across the UN system by building essential partnerships with the scientific community, governments and NGOs. The mission of Earthwatch is to coordinate, harmonize and integrate observing, assessment and reporting activities across the UN system in order to provide environmental and appropriate socioeconomic information for national and international decision-making on sustainable development and for early warning of emerging problems requiring international action. This should include timely information on the pressures on, status of and trends in key global resources, variables and processes in both natural and human systems and on the response to problems in these areas. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socioeconomic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. It is open to all Members of the UN and of WMO. IPCC has published three assessments of climate change (1990, 1995 and 2001) as well as numerous related scientific and technical publications, and has started planning the fourth assessment report. The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection GESAMP was established in 1967 by a number of UN Agencies. The functions of GESAMP are: To provide advice relating to the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection; and To prepare periodic reviews and assessments of the state of the marine environment and to identify problems and areas requiring special attention. Such advice is given on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection, especially those of an interdisciplinary nature, including pollution of the sea as a result of the operation of ships and other equipment in the marine environment; of sea-bed exploration and exploitation; of waste disposal at sea, of discharges of wastes through rivers, land run-off and pipelines; and the pollution of the sea through the atmosphere. The Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone International Project The LOICZ Project focuses on the interface of the Earth system where land, ocean and atmosphere meet and interact. LOICZ has developed scientific knowledge and tools that address global change in the coastal zone, focusing on material flux and human dimensions at regional and global scales. For LOICZ purposes, the coastal zone incorporates the domain extending from river catchments through the land-sea interface and coastal shelf, to the shelf margins. Globally, LOICZ has established regional coastal projects addressing natural and socio-economic knowledge and tools development for material flux from river catchments to the coastal shelf. Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) The objective of GOOS is to provide the information needed by governments, industry, science and the public to deal with marine-related issues, including the effects of the ocean on climate. This is supported by a unified global network to systematically acquire, integrate and distribute oceanic observations, and to generate analyses, forecasts and other useful products. GOOS will provide information about the present and future states of seas and oceans and their living resources, and on the role of the oceans in climate change. GOOS is conceived as: A sustained, co-ordinated international system for gathering data about the oceans and seas of the Earth; A system for processing such data, with other relevant data from other domains, to enable the generation of beneficial analytical and prognostic environmental information services; and The research and development on which such services depend for their improvement. International Hydrological Programme (IHP) The IHP of UNESCO is the only global intergovernmental scientific programme on Water Resources in the UN system. In June 2000, the global ISARM project (Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management) was launched. This is a multi-agency effort aimed at improving the understanding of scientific, socioeconomic, legal institutional and environmental issues related to the management of transboundary aquifers. Conceived as multidisciplinary, the project identifies five focus areas: legal, institutional, scientific, socioeconomic and environmental. Under this project, regional inventories of transboundary aquifers started in the Americas, in Africa, and in the Balkans. The ISARM project also links with parallel activities existing within the UN Economic Commission for Europe and creates a successful cooperation between international organizations (FAO, OAS, OSS), non-governmental organizations (IAH), and scientific structures (University of Aristotle, Thessaloniki, Greece). The Programme operates through a joint coordination committee of experts from UNESCO-IHP, IAH, FAO and UNECE. The International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) IGRAC facilitates and promotes global sharing of information and knowledge for optimal and sustainable groundwater resources development and management. IGRAC works under auspices of UNESCO and WMO, having the status of the UNESCO Category II Centre. The financial support of the centre is provided by the Netherlands Government. The centre is hosted and staffed by Deltares, a Dutch institute for applied research and special advice on various geoscientific issues. Many IGRACs activities are directly related to the assessment and management of transboundary aquifers. As a member of ISARM core group, IGRAC has developed and maintains the ISARM portal on shared aquifers. On the regional scale, IGRAC supports various transboundary aquifers projects in Americas, Africa, Europe and Asia. World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) The UNESCO WWAP focuses on terrestrial freshwater, but considers the marine near-shore environments and coastal zone as principal sinks for land-based sources of pollution and sedimentation and as areas where the threat of flooding and the potential impact of sea level rise on freshwater resources is particularly acute. The programme serves as an "umbrella" for coordination of existing UN initiatives within the freshwater assessment sphere, linking with the data and information systems of the UN agencies, for example, Global Resource Information Database (GRID), GEMS-Water and GIWA (UNEP); Global Runoff Data Centre (WMO), AQUASTAT (FAO), International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (WMO and UNESCO), the water supply and sanitation databases (WHO and UNICEF) and the databases of the World Bank system. WWAP produces the World Water Development Report. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) The Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) is a policy think tank that contributes to international efforts to combat the worlds escalating water crisis. SIWI advocates future-oriented, knowledge-integrated water views in decision making, nationally and internationally, that lead to sustainable use of the worlds water resources and sustainable development of societies. SIWI links water experts with decision makers so that progressive policies and scientifically sound, water-cycle based solutions to water-related problems can be elaborated, necessary to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg water-related targets as the first steps towards a sustainable global water situation. SIWI stresses that water is a key to socio-economic development and quality of life, and that through integrated water resources management (IWRM), barriers which hinder increased food production, pollution prevention and poverty reduction can be overcome. SIWI has several main components. It administers the Stockholm Water Symposium, a global water forum convened annually as part of the World Water Week in Stockholm; the Stockholm Water Initiative, which channels Symposium thinking into collaborative, interdisciplinary projects; and the Swedish Water House, a networking platform for international dialogue and action on water issues by Swedish institutes, organisations and universities. World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) WHYMAP is a joint programme of UNESCO and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. The Programme focuses on collecting, collating and visualizing hydrogeological information at a global scale and provides a broad knowledge base on the scientific-hydrogeological side. WHYMAP is based at BGR, the central geoscientific authority providing advice to the German Federal Government in all geo-relevant questions. BGR is subordinate to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/root.html" \o "Externallink:Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi)(Opensnewwindow)" \t "_blank" Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Global Water System Project (GWSP) The Global Water System Project (GWSP) is a newly established joint project of the four Global Change Programmes form the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) to take an integrative look at the Global Water System. The project aims at understanding impacts of global change on local and regional coupled water-human systems, and how local and regional anthropogenic activities in turn impact on global environmental change. Approaches to establish more sustainable water systems will be identified. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) The World Conservation Union is the worlds largest and most important conservation network. The Union brings together 82 States, 111 government agencies, more than 800 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a unique worldwide partnership. The Unions mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) The mission of the International Lake Environment Committee, established in 1986, is to advance international cooperation for the conservation of lake environments and to promote environmentally-sound management of world lakes through encouraging investigations and research on rationale and suitable methods for harmony between environmental management and sustainable development and scientific knowledge on lake environments internationally. The general strategies utilized to achieve this mission include (1) promotion of scientific research on environmental management of lakes; (2) assistance to developing countries with the environmental management of lakes and the planning of environmentally sound development of lakes; (3) promotion of training on technical and management aspects of lake environments; (4) support of activities on environmentally sound management of lakes, which UNEP promotes for developing countries; and (5) promotion of interchange with governmental agencies, regional agencies, and research institutes in the world which undertake international cooperation on environmentally-sound lake management; Section 6: Monitoring and evaluation Plan The project will follow UNEP standard monitoring, reporting and evaluation processes and procedures. Substantive and financial project reporting requirements are summarized in Appendix 5. Reporting requirements and templates are an integral part of the UNEP legal instrument to be signed by the executing agency and UNEP. The project M&E plan is consistent with the GEF Monitoring and Evaluation policy. The Project Results Framework presented in Appendix 2 includes SMART indicators for each expected outcome as well as mid-term and end-of-project targets. These indicators along with the key deliverables and benchmarks included in Appendix 3 will be the main tools for assessing project implementation progress and whether project results are being achieved. The means of verification and the costs associated with obtaining the information to track the indicators are summarized in Appendix 2. Other M&E related costs are also presented in the Costed M&E Plan and are fully integrated in the overall project budget. The M&E plan will be reviewed and revised as necessary during the project inception workshop to ensure project stakeholders understand their roles and responsibilities vis--vis project monitoring and evaluation. Indicators and their means of verification may also be fine-tuned at the inception workshop. Day-to-day project monitoring is the responsibility of the project management team but other project partners will have responsibilities to collect specific information to track the indicators. It is the responsibility of the Project Manager to inform UNEP of any delays or difficulties faced during implementation so that the appropriate support or corrective measures can be adopted in a timely fashion. The project Steering Committee will receive periodic reports on progress and will make recommendations to UNEP concerning the need to revise any aspects of the Results Framework or the M&E plan. Project oversight to ensure that the project meets UNEP and GEF policies and procedures is the responsibility to the Task Manager in UNEP-GEF. The Task Manager will also review the quality of draft project outputs, provide feedback to the project partners, and establish peer review procedures to ensure adequate quality of scientific and technical outputs and publications. Project supervision will take an adaptive management approach. The Task Manager will develop a project supervision plan at the inception of the project which will be communicated to the project partners during the inception workshop. The emphasis of the Task Manager supervision will be on outcome monitoring but without neglecting project financial management and implementation monitoring. Progress vis--vis delivering the agreed project global environmental benefits will be assessed with the Steering Committee at agreed intervals. Project risks and assumptions will be regularly monitored both by project partners and UNEP. Risk assessment and rating is an integral part of the Project Implementation Review (PIR). The quality of project monitoring and evaluation will also be reviewed and rated as part of the PIR. Key financial parameters will be monitored quarterly to ensure cost-effective use of financial resources. A mid-term management review or evaluation will not take place due to the short duration of the project. However, Task Manager will carry out, together with the executing agency and partner agencies, a desk review of the project implementation after 10 moths of project implementation, and report the results to the steering committee. An independent terminal evaluation will take place at the end of project implementation. The Evaluation and Oversight Unit (EOU) of UNEP will manage the terminal evaluation process. A review of the quality of the evaluation report will be done by EOU and submitted along with the report to the GEF Evaluation Office not later than 6 months after the completion of the evaluation. The standard terms of reference for the terminal evaluation are included in Appendix 6. These will be adjusted to the special needs of the project. The GEF tracking tools will be provided as soon as they are officially released from GEF. As mentioned above the terminal evaluation will verify the information of the tracking tool. Section 7: Project Financing and Budget Overall project budget Project ComponentsIndicate whether Investment, TA, or STA**Expected OutcomesExpected OutputsGEF Financing*Co-financing* Total ($) ($)%($)%1. Development of transboundary waters assessment methodologies for the GEF IW global assessment  FORMTEXT STAGEF adopts the assessment methodologies for its Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme that can help support Results-based Management in the International Waters Focal Area.A scientifically valid methodology for a comparative global assessment for each of 5 types of transboundary water systems: groundwater basins, lake/reservoir basins, river basins, Large Marine Ecosystems and open ocean areas. Website developed in line with the IWLEARN Participation in the International Waters Conference635,00042879,000581,514,0002. Development of a partnership and institutional arrangements among agencies and organizations to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme FORMTEXT STA The partnership among agencies and organisations is established and institutional arrangements finalised to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. FORMTEXT A finalised assessment prgramme document to describe the assessment units, involved institutions and partners, estimate for required financial resources, and timeframe for conduting actual assessment and associated capacity building, based on the methodologies developed in Component 1.220,00042299,00058519,0003. Project management95,00042131,700 FORMTEXT 58226,700Total Project Costs950,0001,309,700 2,119,344 Project Preparation* Project Agency FeeTotal at CEO EndorsementFor the record: Total at PIFGEF 35,000950,000 FORMTEXT 98,500 FORMTEXT 1,083,500 FORMTEXT 1,083,500Co-financing 40,0001,309,700 1,349,7001,040,000Total75,0002,259,700 FORMTEXT 98,5002,2433,244 FORMTEXT 2,123,500 * Please include the previously approved PDFs and PPG, if any. Indicate the amount already approved as footnote here and if the GEF funding is from GEF-3. Project co-financing Name of co-financier (source)ClassificationType Amount ($)%*UNEP-DEWAExecuting AgencyIn-kind200,00015.27FinlandBilateralGrant/ In kind 150,00011.45IUCNNGOIn-kind100,0007.64IGRACMultilateralIn-kind91,2306.97ETH-ZurichMultilateral AgencyIn-kind24,0401.84UNESCO-IHPExecuting PartnerCash, In-kind92,8407.09UNESCO-IOCExecuting PartnerCash, In-kind140,00010.69UCC WaterExecuting PartnerIn-kind73,0005.57SIWIMultilateral AgencyIn-kind40,0003.05BMZ/BGRMultilateral AgencyCash, in-kind50,0003.82ILECExecuting PartnerIn-kind, cash92,0007.02GESAMPIn-kind33,3002.54LOICZGRID ArendalCash, In-kind85,2906.51University of KalmarIn-kind, cash100,0007.64University of Western CapeIn-kind38,0002.9Total Co-financing1,309,700 100% * Percentage of each co-financiers contribution at CEO endorsement to total co-financing. Project cost-effectiveness The project seeks to minimize costs and add value in the following ways: (i) building on the foundation established by the global international waters assessment project funded by GEF and others, and on ongoing assessment processes, GEF IW projects, and establishing partnerships of agencies carrying out regular assessment and gathering relevant data and information, will result in significant cost-effectiveness, compared to the situation where the project would be initiated without this foundation and partnership; (ii) developing a methodology widely applicable at national, regional and global levels, as well as in ongoing and planned activities and programmes, represents a cost-effective means of continuing the assessment; (iii) effective coordination at regional and global level will help to avoid duplication of effort, and, hence, increase cost-effectiveness; and (iv) capturing data from existing related initiatives and programmes is a further cost-effective exercise by focusing the assessment process on data and information management, thereby facilitating new assessment results being obtained in a timely and cost-effective manner by regularly updating and revising data and information stored based on the GIS-based data and information management systems. Appendices Appendix 1: Budget by project components and UNEP budget lines Project ComponentsIndicate whether Investment, TA, or STA**Expected OutcomesExpected OutputsGEF Financing*Co-financing* Total ($) ($)%($)%1. Development of transboundary waters assessment methodologies for the GEF IW global assessment  FORMTEXT STAGEF adopts the assessment methodologies for its Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme that can help support Results-based Management in the International Waters Focal Area.A scientifically valid methodology for a comparative global assessment for each of 5 types of transboundary water systems: groundwater basins, lake/reservoir basins, river basins, Large Marine Ecosystems and open ocean areas. Website developed in line with the IWLEARN Participation in the International Waters Conference635,00042879,000581,514,0002. Development of a partnership and institutional arrangements among agencies and organizations to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme FORMTEXT STA The partnership among agencies and organisations is established and institutional arrangements finalised to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. FORMTEXT A finalised assessment prgramme document to describe the assessment units, involved institutions and partners, estimate for required financial resources, and timeframe for conduting actual assessment and associated capacity building, based on the methodologies developed in Component 1.220,00042299,00058519,0003. Project management95,00042131,700 FORMTEXT 58226,700Total Project Costs950,0001,309,700 2,119,344 * List the $ by project components. The percentage is the share of GEF and Co-financing respectively to the total amount for the component. ** TA = Technical Assistance; STA = Scientific & technical analysis. The UNEP format budget is provided in another file. Appendix 2: Co-financing table Name of co-financier (source)ClassificationType Amount ($)%*UNEP-DEWAExecuting AgencyIn-kind200,00015.27FinlandBilateralGrant/ In kind 150,00011.45IUCNNGOIn-kind100,0007.64IGRACMultilateralIn-kind91,2306.97ETH-ZurichMultilateral AgencyIn-kind24,0401.84UNESCO-IHPExecuting PartnerCash, In-kind92,8407.09UNESCO-IOCExecuting PartnerCash, In-kind140,00010.69UCC WaterExecuting PartnerIn-kind73,0005.57SIWIMultilateral AgencyIn-kind40,0003.05BMZ/BGRMultilateral AgencyCash, in-kind50,0003.82ILECExecuting PartnerIn-kind, cash92,0007.02GESAMPIn-kind33,3002.54LOICZGRID ArendalCash, In-kind85,2906.51University of KalmarIn-kind, cash100,0007.64University of Western CapeIn-kind38,0002.9Total Co-financing1,309,700 100% * Percentage of each co-financiers contribution at CEO endorsement to total co-financing. Appendix 3: Results Framework SUMMARYOBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORSMEANS OF VERIFICATIONCRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKSLong-term goal: To promote real investment in management and development of transboundary water systems through strong stakeholder engagement. Global environment objective: to develop the methodologies for conducting a global assessment of transboundary groundwater, lakes/reservoirs, and river basins, Large Marine Ecosystems, and open ocean areas for GEF purposes and to catalyse a partnership and arrangements for conducting such a global assessment.Objectives1. Develop a feasible methodology for assessment of the worlds transboundary water systems. Methodology developed by Working Groups, reviewed, revised and accepted by major partners and experts. Use of the developed methodologies in the participating partners regular assessment and monitoring programmesMethodology document. Reflected in minutes of the Steering Committee meeting. The terminal evaluation, looking into the partners upscaling effortMajor actors remain committed and fully engaged in developing the methodology.2. Develop a proposal for Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) of the worlds major transboundary water systems and for Demonstration Projects (DPs).Proposal for IGA and DPs developed in collaboration with major regional and international partners. Document presenting proposals for IGA and DPs. Reflected in minutes of Steering Committee meeting.Institutions agree to collaborate in developing proposals for IGA and DPs and sharing data and information.COMPONENT 1: DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR THE GEF IW GLOBAL ASSESSMENTOutcome: GEF adopts the assessment methodologies for its Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme that can help support Results-based Management in the International Waters Focal AreaOutputsProject inception meeting involving major potential partners and experts (adoption of the set of Project Progress Indicators (PPI).Inception meeting held at project start up, attended by project team and major partners and experts.Meeting report.Major potential partners such as governments, international organisations and projects demonstrate continuing interest in development of the methodology and agree to collaborate.Establishment of five Working Groups at the Water Systems level for five transboundary water systems (groundwater; lakes/reservoirs; rivers; LMEs; and open ocean).All five WGs in place within two months of the project. Terms of reference prepared and agreed by experts, Steering Group and Project Coordinating Unit. First meetings of all seven WGs convened within first quarter of the project.Formal letters of invitation and acceptance letters from experts. Terms of Reference. Reports of the first meetings.Identified experts remain committed and available to participate in the WGs. Experts fully engaged for the duration of the project.Establishment of two Working Groups at the MSP level: (a) Interlinkage among Water Systems and Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) WG and (b) Data Processing and Indicators WGBoth WGs in place within two months of the project. Terms of reference prepared and agreed by experts, Steering Group and Project Coordinating Unit. First meeting of both WGs convened within first quarter of the project.Formal letters of invitation and acceptance letters from experts. Terms of Reference. Report of the first meetings.Each of the five WGs at the Water Systems level will propose one expert from its own WG for the Interlinkage and IGAWG and one expert for the Data processing and indicators WG. Identified experts remain committed and available to participate in the WGs. Experts fully engaged for the duration of the project.Stakeholder validated methodology for the assessment of five major water systems, including assessment units/boundaries; priority issues; linkages among water systems; key indicators; assessment products; institutional framework; partnerships, roles/responsibilities; and global coordination and harmonization the framework among water systems.Methodology prepared, approved by the working groups, Steering Committee and partners and validated by the stakeholders.Meeting reports. Methodology document and comments from reviewers. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Major partners demonstrate interest in the methodology for the assessment of water systems and support its preparation. Experts responsible for development of the methodology have the technical capacity to prepare a simple, pragmatic methodology for conducting the assessment. Experts fully committed and engaged in development of the methodology. No unforeseen technical difficulties arise in developing the assessment methodology.Developed proposals for Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and selected Demonstration Projects (DPs) to be implemented in the post-MSP phase.Proposals (to include assessment units, partners and institutions to be involved, data needed and their availability, estimate for required financial resources and timeframe for conducting actual IGA and DPs) prepared and approved by the Steering Committee and partners.Document outlining proposals. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Major partners demonstrate interest in the development of the proposals for IGA and DPs and support its preparation.Stakeholder validated proposal for IGA and DPs.Proposals for IGA and DPs prepared, approved by the Interlinkage WG, Steering Committee and partners and validated by the stakeholders.Meeting reports. Methodology document and comments from reviewers. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Major partners demonstrate interest in IGA and DPs and support their preparation. Experts responsible for preparation of IGA and DPs have technical capacity to prepare pragmatic proposals. Experts fully committed and engaged in the preparation of IGA and DPs. No unforeseen technical difficulties arise in developing IGA and DPs.1.7 Inventory of major regional and international agencies, available data, and existing networks that could potentially contribute to the assessment process.Appropriate major agencies, data and networks identified at both regional and global levels.Preliminary inventory of agencies, data sources/databases, expert networks. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Agencies agree to collaborate in development of the framework and to participate in future assessments.COMPONENT 2: DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTNERSHIP AMONG AGENCIES AND ORGANISATIONS TO CONDUCT THE GEF TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS ASSESSMENT PROGRAMMEOutcome: The partnership among agencies and organisations is established and institutional arrangements finalised to conduct the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme.Outputs2.1 Partnership and institutional arrangements for the assessment of major transboundary water systems established.Partnership and institutional arrangements developed, based on the experiences and existing programmes of the regional bodies and GEF projects, and accepted by major partners and the project Steering Committee.Document outlining modalities for partnership and institutional arrangements. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report. Letters of agreement/commitment.Major partners and actors agree and support the partnership and institutional arrangements. The project can collect the information on the experiences of GEF and the assessment of the transboundary water systems.2.2 Sustainability mechanisms for the long-term implementation of the Integrated Global Assessment of major transboundary water systems.Sustainability mechanisms developed and approved by the Steering Committee.Document outlining sustainability mechanism. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Major partners and stakeholders demonstrate interest and support for development of the sustainability mechanism.2.3 Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions.Strategy and recommendations prepared and approved by the Steering Committee.Document outlining Strategy and recommendation. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Key actors, including governments, are interested in recommendations and learning strategy.2.4 Strategy for assessment of capacity building needs.Strategy prepared and approved by the Steering Committee.Document outlining the Strategy. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report.Key actors interested in the Strategy.2.5 Awareness and buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, and opportunities to share data and information identified.Enhanced awareness among major stakeholders, partners and experts of, and agreement with the need for the assessment process obtained through consultations and other interactions. Opportunities for sharing data and information identified.Reports of consultations. Copies of communications and list of persons and agencies contacted. Reflected in the Steering Committee meeting report. Institutions willing to collaborate in development of the framework and to participate in the assessment. 2.6 Information dissemination and exchange mechanism.Website for the dissemination of information and knowledge on project experiences and lessons developed by the end of the first 6 months of the project.Active website, linked to other websites such as IW:Learn, GEF, GPA, Regional Seas.Major partners and actors interested in the website and dissemination of information.ACTIVITIESComponent 1 Convene the project inception meeting involving the project team, major potential partners and experts. Establish five Working Groups (WG) of experts: Groundwater; Lakes/Reservoirs; River basins; LMEs; and Open Ocean. Convene meetings of the five WGs of experts for water systems. Implement common (a) Plan of Operations (Appendix 11) and (b) Methodology (Appendix 12) for five WGs and individual Work Plans for each of the five groups (Appendices 13-17). Establish two WGs at the project level: (a) Interlinkage among the five water systems and Integrated Global Assessment (IGA); and (b) Data management and indicators. Convene meetings of the two WGs. Define scope, framework, and terminology of the assessment methodology. Define assessment units (shared water systems and their respective boundaries). Prepare Inventory and review of major regional and international agencies, available data, sources, ongoing programmes, existing networks and available methodologies that could potentially contribute to the assessment process. Prepare the draft methodology document, circulate for review and revise. Develop a suite of indicators for different water systems and for Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and Demonstration Projects (DPs). Develop proposals for IGA and DPs. Adapt and finalize the methodology. Disseminate the methodology document through website and other means. Component 2 2.1 Establish partnership and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the work plans of the five WGs and for the preparation of the IGA and DPs. Determine options for the institutional mechanism, including necessary networks and partners. Develop a proposal on sustainable mechanism for long-term implementation of IGA. Develop the Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions. Develop the Strategy for the assessment of the capacity building needs. Develop a document on the awareness and buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, and opportunities to share the data and information identified. Convene the meeting of partners and major stakeholders to review progress in the implementation of the project. Develop the project website and disseminate documents through website and other means.  Appendix 4: Workplan and timetable I. PROJECT WORKPLAN MAJOR ACTIVITIES AND TIMETABLE AT THE LEVEL OF TWAP MSP PROJECT ActivitiesMonths of the Project123456789101112131415161718COMPONENT 1: DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR THE GEF IW GLOBAL ASSESSMENT1.1Convene the project inception meeting involving project team, major potential partners and experts.1.2Establish five Working Groups (WG) of experts: Groundwater; Lakes/Reservoirs; River basins; LMEs; and Open Ocean.1.3Implement common (a) Plan of Operations (Appendix 11I) and (b) Methodology (Appendix 12) for five WGs and individual Work Plans for each of the five groups (Appendices 13-17).1.4Establish two WGs at the project level: (a) Interlinkage among five water systems and Integrated Global Assessment and Demonstration Projects; and (b) Data management and indicators.1.5Define scope, framework, and terminology of the assessment methodology.1.6Define assessment units (shared water systems and their respective boundaries) for five water systems and for IGA and DPs.1.7Inventory and review of major regional and international agencies, available data, sources, ongoing programmes, existing networks and available methodologies.1.8Draft methodology document, circulate for review and revise.1.9Develop suite of indicators for different water systems and for Integrated Global Assessment (IGA).1.10Develop proposals of IGA and DPs.1.11Adapt and finalize methodology.1.12Disseminate methodology document through website and other means.COMPONENT 2: DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTNERSHIP AMONG AGENCIES AND ORGANISATIONS TO CONDUCT THE GEF TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME 2.1Establish partnership and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the work plans of the five WGs and for the preparation of the IGA and DPs.2.2Determine options for the institutional mechanism, including necessary networks and partners.2.3Develop a proposal on sustainable mechanism for long-term implementation of IGA.2.4Develop the Strategy and recommendations for operational use of assessment outputs, including a learning strategy for end-users in transboundary water management institutions.2.5Develop the Strategy for the assessment of the capacity building needs.2.6Develop a document on the awareness and buy-in for the assessment process by major stakeholders, partner organizations and experts, and opportunities to share the data and information identified.2.7Convene the meeting of partners and major stakeholders to review progress in the implementation of the project.2.8Develop project website and disseminate documents through website and other means. II. PROJECT WORKPLAN MAJOR ACTIVITIES AND TIMETABLE AT THE LEVEL OF WATER SYSTEMS Work plan for the Groundwater Transboundary Water System Working Group Activity1234567891011121314151617181. Definition of the scope and framework of the assessment methodology, establishment of ad hoc Expert Groups (EGs).2. Definition of the execution arrangements and of the modalities for the participation of the various partners involved.3. ToRs for working groups (WGs) and expert groups (EG).4. Methodology and execution arrangements (CG, EG, WGs).5. Exchange and integration with other groups (CG, EG). 6. Finalization and validation of the methodology (CG and EG).7. Final report writing (Coordinator, CG, EG, working groups). Work plan for the Lakes/Reservoirs Transboundary Water System Working Group Activity1234567891011121314151617181. Recruitment of Project Manager.2. Secure agreement of UNEP/IETC to assume administrative function for lake/reservoir component of TWAP.3. Scoping meeting Full lake/reservoirs WG, to include, ILEC members, Living Lakes, NALMS/SIL, lake authorities, etc.4. Field visits to 4 transboundary lake/reservoir basins by CG.5. Preparation of Assessment Methodology. 6. Finalisation Meeting, approval of Methodology and selection Partnerships to apply and evaluate efficacy of Methodology.  Work plan for the River Basins Transboundary Water System Working Group Activity1234567891011121314151617181. Inception study.2. Inception workshop.3. Stakeholder analysis.4. Development of draft methodology and institutional framework5. Midterm workshop.6. Regional stakeholder review.7. Joint Consensus Workshop on Draft Guidelines8. Finalisation of Methodology Guidelines. Work plan for the Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) Transboundary Water System Working Group ActivityMONTHS1234567891011121314151617181. PartnershipsArrangements with core partners for methodology (MOUs, LOAs)1Selection of experts and establishment of Expert Groups (EG)Identification of group leader/coordinatorContracting of consultant2Identification of other partners and formalizing of arrangements.Identification of major stakeholders (outreach & engagement plan)2. 3Methodology1st workshop Inventory of available data, sources, and ongoing programmes.Work on methodology by EG (virtual forum).2nd workshop Drafting of methodology documentReview of methodology document by GOE and revisionReview of revised document by partners and othersApproval of methodology by partnersMethodology document finalizedFinal methodology document published/disseminatedData and information management system - identification of needs, architecture, etc (for individual groups, at level of MSP) 3. Capacity needs assessment Identification of capacity building needs Drafting of report Review and finalization of reportPublication of report1Identification of potential experts to begin before official start of the project. 2Partners to be based on issues, key indicators and data and other requirements, and overall assessment approach identified by experts. 3Methodology for LME assessment exists this component will include assessment of suitability of this approach for use in TWAP and possible adaptation.  Work plan for the Open Ocean Transboundary Water System Working Group ActivitiesMONTHS1234567891011121314151617181. PartnershipsArrangements with core partners for methodology (MOUs, LOAs)1Selection of experts and establishment of expert groups (EG)Identification of group leader/coordinatorContracting of consultant2Identification of other partners and formalizing of arrangements.Identification of major stakeholders (outreach & engagement plan)2. Methodology1st workshop Inventory of available data, sources, programmes, methodologies.Work on methodology by EG (virtual forum)2nd workshop Drafting of methodology documentReview of methodology document by GOE and revisionReview of revised document by partners and othersApproval of methodology by partnersMethodology document finalized Final methodology document published/disseminatedData and information management system - identification of needs, architecture, etc (for individual groups, at level of MSP) 3. Capacity needs assessment Identification of capacity building needs Drafting of report on capacity building needs Review and finalization of reportPublication of report1Identification of potential experts to begin before official start of the project. 2Partners to be based on issues, key indicators and data and other requirements, and overall assessment approach identified by experts. Appendix 5: Costed M&E plan and reporting requirements 1.1. Project Inception Phase A Project Inception workshop will be conducted with the full project team, GEF and co-financing partners. A fundamental objective of this Inception Workshop will be to assist the project team to understand and take ownership of the projects goals and objectives, as well as finalize preparation of the project's first annual work plan on the basis of the project's logframe matrix. This will include reviewing the log frame (indicators, means of verification, assumptions), imparting additional detail as needed, and on the basis of this exercise finalize the Annual Work Plan (AWP) with precise and measurable performance indicators, and in a manner consistent with the expected outcomes for the project. Additionally, the purpose and objective of the Inception Workshop will be to: (i) introduce project staff to the UNEP-DGEF and Executing Agencies (EAs), which will support the project during its implementation and (ii) detail the roles, support services and complementary responsibilities of UNEP, vis vis the project team; (iii) provide a detailed overview of UNEP and GEF reporting and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements, with particular emphasis on the Annual Project Implementation Reviews (PIRs) and related documentation, the Annual Project Report (APR), and final evaluation. Equally, the Inception Workshop will provide an opportunity to inform the project team on UNEP project related budgetary planning, budget reviews, and mandatory budget re-phasing. The Inception Workshop will also provide an opportunity for all parties to understand their roles, functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures, including reporting and communication lines, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Terms of Reference for project staff and decision-making structures will be discussed again, as needed, in order to clarify for all, each partys responsibilities during the project's implementation phase. 1.2. Monitoring Responsibilities and Events The Inception Workshop will present a Schedule of M&E-related meetings and reports. This will have been developed by UNEP in consultation with the Project Coordinator. Such a schedule will include: (i) tentative time frames for Steering Committee Meetings (or relevant advisory and/or coordination mechanisms), and (ii) project related Monitoring and Evaluation activities. Day to day monitoring of implementation progress will be the responsibility of the Project Coordinator based on the Project's Annual Work Plan and its indicators. The Project Team will inform UNEP and EAs of any delays or difficulties faced during implementation so that the appropriate support or corrective measures can be adopted in a timely and remedial fashion. The Project Coordinator will fine-tune the progress and performance/impact indicators of the Project in consultation with the full Project team at the Inception Workshop with support from UNEP and the EAs. Specific targets for the first year implementation progress indicators together with their means of verification will be developed at this Workshop. These will be used to assess whether implementation is proceeding at the intended pace and in the right direction and will form part of the Annual Work Plan. Targets and indicators for subsequent year would be defined annually as part of the internal evaluation and planning processes undertaken by the Project Team, and agreed with the EA and IA. Periodic monitoring of implementation progress will be undertaken by both UNEP and the EA through the provision of half-yearly reports submitted by the EA to UNEP. Furthermore, specific meetings can be scheduled between the Project Team, UNEP, the EA and other pertinent stakeholders as deemed appropriate and relevant (e.g. Steering Committee members, Co-funding partners, etc). Such meetings will allow parties to troubleshoot any problems pertaining to the Project in a timely fashion to ensure smooth implementation of project activities. A Report will be prepared by the Project Team in coordination with UNEP and the EAs, and circulated to the Project Team, all SC members, the EAs and IA and any accompanying stakeholders. 1.3. Project Monitoring Reporting The Project Coordinator in conjunction with the Project extended team (PCU staff, UNEP and EAs task managers) will be responsible for the preparation and submission of the following reports that form part of the monitoring process. Items (a) through (e) are mandatory and strictly related to monitoring, while (f) through (g) have a broader function and the frequency and nature is project specific to be defined throughout implementation. (a) Inception Report (IR) A Project Inception Report will be prepared immediately following the Inception Workshop. It will include a detailed First Year Work Plan divided in quarterly time-frames detailing the activities and progress indicators that will guide implementation during the first year of the Project. This Work Plan will include the proposed dates for any visits and/or support missions from UNEP, EA or consultants, as well as time-frames for meetings of the Project's decision making structures. The Report will also include the detailed project budget for the first full year of implementation, prepared on the basis of the Annual Work Plan, and including any monitoring and evaluation requirements to effectively measure project performance during the targeted 12 months time-frame. The Inception Report will include a more detailed narrative on the institutional roles, responsibilities, coordinating actions and feedback mechanisms of project related partners. In addition, a section will be included on progress to date on project establishment and start-up activities and an update of any changed external conditions that may effect project implementation, including and unforeseen or newly arisen constraints. When finalized, the report will be circulated to project counterparts who will be given a period of one calendar month in which to respond with comments or queries. Prior to this circulation of the IR, both UNEP and EA will review the document. (b) Half-yearly Progress Report (HPR), Annual Project Report (APR) and Project Implementation Review (PIR) The HPR is a self-assessment report by project management to the UNEP Office and provides them with input to the reporting process as well as forming a key input to the Tripartite Project Review. The PIR is an annual monitoring process mandated by the GEF, to be conducted by the UNEP coordinator in consultation with the EAs. It has become an essential monitoring tool for project managers and offers the main vehicle for extracting lessons from ongoing projects. In addition, UNEP Task Manager, based on the knowledge of the project progress, will submit to UNEP Evaluation and Oversight Unit an annual project report, which is a UNEP self-evaluation tool. An APR/PIR is prepared on an annual basis following the first 12 months of project implementation and prior to the Tripartite Project Review. The purpose of the APR/PIR is to reflect progress achieved in meeting the project's Annual Work Plan and assess performance of the project in contributing to intended outcomes through outputs and partnership work. The APR/PIR is discussed in the TPR so that the resultant report represents a document that has been agreed upon by all of the primary stakeholders. The items in the APR/PIR to be provided by UNEP GEF include the following: An analysis of project performance over the reporting period, including outputs produced and, where possible, information on the status of the outcome; The constraints experienced in the progress towards results and the reasons for these; The three (at most) major constraints to achievement of results; Annual Work Plans and related expenditure reports; Lessons learned; and Clear recommendations for future orientation in addressing key problems in lack of progress.  UNEP analyses the APR/PIRs for results and lessons. The Reports are also valuable for the Independent Evaluators who can utilize them to identify any changes in project structure, indicators, workplan, etc. and view a past history of delivery and assessment. Periodic Thematic Reports As and when called for by UNEP or the EAs, the project team will prepare Specific Thematic Reports, focusing on specific issues or areas of activity. The request for a Thematic Report will be provided to the project team in written form by UNEP/EAs and will clearly state the issue or activities that need to be reported on. These reports can be used as a form of lessons learnt exercise, specific oversight in key areas, or as troubleshooting exercises to evaluate and overcome obstacles and difficulties encountered. UNEP and the EAs are requested to minimize their requests for Thematic Reports, and when such are necessary will allow reasonable timeframes for their preparation by the project team. Project Terminal Report During the last three months of the project the project team will prepare the Project Terminal Report. This comprehensive report will summarize all activities, achievements and outputs of the Project, lessons learnt, objectives met, or not achieved, structures and systems implemented, etc. and will be the definitive statement of the Projects activities during its lifetime. It will also lay out recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and replicability of the Projects activities. Technical Reports Technical Reports are detailed documents covering specific areas of analysis or scientific specializations within the overall project. As part of the Inception Report, the project team will prepare a draft Reports List, detailing the technical reports that are expected to be prepared on key areas of activity during the course of the Project, and tentative due dates. Where necessary this Reports List will be revised and updated, and included in subsequent APRs. Project Publications Project Publications will form a key method of crystallizing and disseminating the results and achievements of the Project. These publications may be scientific or informational texts on the activities and achievements of the Project, in the form of journal articles, multimedia publications, etc. These publications can be based on Technical Reports, depending upon the relevance, scientific worth, etc. of these Reports, or may be summaries or compilations of a series of Technical Reports and other analyses. The project team will determine if any of the Technical Reports merit formal publication, and will also, in consultation with UNEP, the EAs and other relevant stakeholder groups, plan and produce these publications in a consistent and recognizable format. Any publications need prior clearance from UNEP and the EAs. Project resources will need to be defined and allocated for these activities as appropriate and in a manner commensurate with the project's budget. 2. Independent Evaluation The project will be subjected to an external evaluation as follows:- (i) Mid-Term Evaluation Due to the fact that the actual project implementation involving the development of the methodologies will be for 24 months there will be no mid-term evaluation. UNEP Task Manager and the executing agencies and partners will carry out a desk study on the implementation progress, which will be reported to the Steering Committee. (ii) Final Evaluation An independent Final Evaluation will take place one month prior to the terminal review meeting, and will focus on the achievement of outcomes (Project Progress Indicators) and will identify c effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of project implementation; highlight issues requiring decisions and actions; and present initial lessons learned about project design, implementation and management The final evaluation will also look at impact and sustainability of results, including the contribution to capacity development and the achievement of global environmental goals. The Final Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up activities. The Terms of Reference for this Final Evaluation will be prepared by UNEP-Evaluation and Oversight Unit in line with the GEF evaluation requirements. Audit Clause The EA will provide UNEP with quarterly financial reports as well as certified annual financial statements with an audit of the financial statements relating to the status of UNEP (including GEF) funds according to the established procedures to be set out in the project document. The Audit will be conducted by the legally recognized auditor, or by a commercial auditor. 3. Learning and Knowledge Sharing Results from the project will be disseminated within and beyond the project intervention zone through a number of existing information sharing networks including IW: Learn and forums. In addition: the project will participate, as relevant and appropriate, in UNEP/GEF sponsored networks, organized for Senior Personnel working on projects that share common characteristics; and the project will identify and participate, as relevant and appropriate, in scientific, policy-based and/or any other networks, which may be of benefit to project implementation though lessons learned. The project will identify, analyse, and share lessons learned that might be beneficial in the design and implementation of similar future projects. Identify and analysing lessons learned is an ongoing process, and the need to communicate such lessons as one of the project's central contributions is a requirement to be delivered not less frequently than once every 12 months. UNEP shall provide a format and assist the project team in categorizing, documenting and reporting on lessons learned. To this end a percentage of project resources will need to be allocated for these activities. Objectively verifiable indicators shown in the logical framework will be utilized in all evaluations. Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work plan and corresponding Budget Type of M&E activityResponsible PartiesBudget US$ Excluding project team Staff time Time frameInception meeting Project Coordinator UNEP EAs40,000Within first two months of project start up Inception ReportProject Team UNEP EAsNoneImmediately following inception workshopMeasurement of Means of Verification for Project Objective Indicators Project Coordinator will oversee the hiring of specific studies and institutions, and delegate responsibilities to relevant team membersTo be finalized in Inception Phase and Workshop. Indicative cost 5,000Start, mid and end of projectMeasurement of indicators set in the Logframe (Project Progress and Performance to be measured on an annual basis) Oversight by Project GEF Technical Advisor and Project Coordinator Measurements by IA To be determined as part of the Annual Work Plan's preparation. Indicative cost 5,000Annually prior to APR/PIR and to the definition of annual work plans APR and PIRProject Team UNEP NoneAnnually Steering Committee MeetingsProject Coordinator UNEP EAs5,000Following inception workshop and subsequently at least once a year Periodic status reportsProject team  5,000To be determined by Project team, UNEP and EAsTechnical reportsWorking Groups Task force Hired consultants as needed15,000To be determined by Project Team, UNEP and EAs Final External EvaluationProject team UNEP EAs External Consultants (i.e. evaluation team)40,000 (includes rates, DSA and flights)At the end of project implementationTerminal ReportProject team UNEP EAs External ConsultantNoneAt least one month before the end of the projectLessons learnedProject team UNEP EAs7,000YearlyAudit UNEP Project team None Yearly TOTAL indicative COST Excluding project team staff time and UNEP staff and travel expenses  122,000  Appendix 6: Standard Terminal Evaluation TOR TERMS OF REFERENCE Terminal Evaluation of the UNEP GEF project Project Number GF/ PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW Project rationale from the project document Relevance to GEF Programmes Executing Arrangements Project Activities Budget TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE EVALUATION Objective and Scope of the Evaluation The objective of this terminal evaluation is to examine the extent and magnitude of any project impacts to date and determine the likelihood of future impacts. The evaluation will also assess project performance and the implementation of planned project activities and planned outputs against actual results. The evaluation will focus on the following main questions: Methods This terminal evaluation will be conducted as an in-depth evaluation using a participatory approach whereby the UNEP/DGEF Task Manager, key representatives of the executing agencies and other relevant staff are kept informed and regularly consulted throughout the evaluation. The consultant will liaise with the UNEP/EOU and the UNEP/DGEF Task Manager on any logistic and/or methodological issues to properly conduct the review in as independent a way as possible, given the circumstances and resources offered. The draft report will be circulated to UNEP/DGEF Task Manager, key representatives of the executing agencies and the UNEP/EOU. Any comments or responses to the draft report will be sent to UNEP / EOU for collation and the consultant will be advised of any necessary revisions. The findings of the evaluation will be based on the following: A desk review of project documents including, but not limited to: The project documents, outputs, monitoring reports (such as progress and financial reports to UNEP and GEF annual Project Implementation Review reports) and relevant correspondence. Review of specific products including the final reports from country executing agencies, workshop proceedings, etc Notes from the Steering Group meetings. Other project-related material produced by the project staff or partners. Interviews with project management and technical support staff. Interviews with intended users for the project outputs and other stakeholders involved with this project, including in the participating countries and international bodies. As appropriate, these interviews could be combined with an email questionnaire. The Consultant shall seek additional information and opinions by e-mail, through telephone communication, or by actual meetings. Interviews with the UNEP/DGEF project task manager and Fund Management Officer, and other relevant staff in UNEP dealing with POPs related activities as necessary. The Consultant shall also gain broader perspectives from discussions with relevant GEF Secretariat staff. Key Evaluation principles. In attempting to evaluate any outcomes and impacts that the project may have achieved, evaluators should remember that the projects performance should be assessed by considering the difference between the answers to two simple questions what happened? and what would have happened anyway?. These questions imply that there should be consideration of the baseline conditions and trends in relation to the intended project outcomes and impacts. In addition it implies that there should be plausible evidence to attribute such outcomes and impacts to the actions of the project. Sometimes, adequate information on baseline conditions and trends is lacking. In such cases this should be clearly highlighted by the evaluator, along with any simplifying assumptions that were taken to enable the evaluator to make informed judgements about project performance. Project Evaluation Parameters Attainment of objectives and planned results: The assessment of project results seeks to determine the extent to which the project objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved, and assess if the project has led to any other positive or negative consequences. While assessing a projects outcomes the evaluation will seek to determine the extent of achievement and shortcomings in reaching the projects objectives as stated in the project document and also indicate if there were any changes and whether those changes were approved. As the project did not establish an elaborate baseline (initial conditions), the evaluator should seek to estimate the baseline condition so that achievements and results can be properly established (or simplifying assumptions used). Since most GEF projects can be expected to achieve the anticipated outcomes by project closing, assessment of project outcomes should be a priority. Outcomes are the likely or achieved short-term and medium-term effects of an interventions outputs. Examples of outcomes could include but are not restricted to stronger institutional capacities, higher public awareness (when leading to changes of behaviour), and transformed policy frameworks or markets. The evaluation should assess the extent to which the project's major relevant objectives were effectively and efficiently achieved or are expected to be achieved and their relevance. Effectiveness: Evaluate how, and to what extent, the stated project objectives have been met, taking into account the achievement indicators specified in the project document and logical framework. Relevance: In retrospect, were the projects outcomes consistent with the focal areas/operational program strategies and country priorities? The evaluation should also assess the whether outcomes specified in the project document and or logical framework are actually outcomes and not outputs or inputs. Efficiency: Cost-effectiveness assesses the achievement of the environmental and developmental objectives as well as the projects outputs in relation to the inputs, costs, and implementing time. Include an assessment of outcomes in relation to inputs, costs, and implementation times based on the following questions: Was the project cost-effective? Was the project the least cost option? Was the project implementation delayed and if it was then did that affect cost-effectiveness? The evaluation should assess the contribution of cash and in-kind co-financing to project implementation and to what extent the project leveraged additional resources. Comparisons of the cost-time vs. outcomes relationship of the project with that of other similar projects should be made if feasible. Assessment of Sustainability of project outcomes: Sustainability is understood as the probability of continued long-term project-derived outcomes and impacts after the GEF project funding ends. The evaluation will identify and assess the key conditions or factors that are likely to contribute or undermine the persistence of benefits after the project ends. Some of these factors might be outcomes of the project, e.g. stronger institutional capacities or better informed decision-making. Other factors will include contextual circumstances or developments that are not outcomes of the project but that are relevant to the sustainability of outcomes. The evaluation should ascertain to what extent follow-up work has been initiated and how project outcomes will be sustained and enhanced over time. In this case, sustainability will be linked to the continued use and influence of scientific models and scientific findings, produced by the project. Four aspects of sustainability should be addressed: financial, socio-political, institutional frameworks and governance, and ecological (if applicable). The following questions provide guidance on the assessment of these aspects: Financial resources. To what extent are the outcomes of the project dependent on continued financial support? What is the likelihood that any required financial resources will be available to sustain the project outcomes/benefits once the GEF assistance ends (resources can be from multiple sources, such as the public and private sectors, income generating activities, and market trends that support the projects objectives)? Was the project was successful in identifying and leveraging co-financing? Socio-political: To what extent are the outcomes of the project dependent on socio-political factors? What is the likelihood that the level of stakeholder ownership will allow for the project outcomes/benefits to be sustained? Is there sufficient public / stakeholder awareness in support of the long term objectives of the project? Institutional framework and governance. To what extent are the outcomes of the project dependent on issues relating to institutional frameworks and governance? What is the likelihood that institutional and technical achievements, legal frameworks, policies and governance structures and processes will allow for, the project outcomes/benefits to be sustained? While responding to these questions consider if the required systems for accountability and transparency and the required technical know-how are in place. Ecological. Are there any environmental risks that can undermine the future flow of project environmental benefits? The TE should assess whether certain activities in the project area will pose a threat to the sustainability of the project outcomes. As far as possible, also assess the potential longer-term impacts considering that the evaluation is taking place upon completion of the project and that longer term impact is expected to be seen in a few years time. Frame any recommendations to enhance future project impact in this context. Which will be the major channels for longer term impact from the project at the national and international scales? The evaluation should formulate recommendations that outline possible approaches and necessary actions to facilitate an impact assessment study in a few years time. Catalytic role The terminal evaluation will also describe any catalytic or replication effect of the project. What examples are there of replication and catalytic outcomes that suggest increased likelihood of sustainability? Replication approach, in the context of GEF projects, is defined as lessons and experiences coming out of the project that are replicated or scaled up in the design and implementation of other projects. Replication can have two aspects, replication proper (lessons and experiences are replicated in different geographic area) or scaling up (lessons and experiences are replicated within the same geographic area but funded by other sources). If no effects are identified, the evaluation will describe the catalytic or replication actions that the project carried out. No ratings are requested for the catalytic role. Achievement of outputs and activities: Delivered outputs: Assessment of the projects success in producing each of the programmed outputs, both in quantity and quality as well as usefulness and timeliness. Assess the soundness and effectiveness of the methods and approached used by the project. Assessment of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: M&E design. Did the project have a sound M&E plan to monitor results and track progress towards achieving project objectives? The Terminal Evaluation will assess whether the project met the minimum requirements for project design of M&E and the application of the Project M&E plan (Minimum requirements are specified in Annex 4). The evaluation shall include an assessment of the quality, application and effectiveness of project monitoring and evaluation plans and tools, including an assessment of risk management based on the assumptions and risks identified in the project document. The M&E plan should include a baseline (including data, methodology, etc.), SMART (see Annex 4) indicators and data analysis systems, and evaluation studies at specific times to assess results. The time frame for various M&E activities and standards for outputs should have been specified. M&E plan implementation. Was an M&E system in place and did it facilitate tracking of results and progress towards projects objectives throughout the project implementation period. Were Annual project reports complete, accurate and with well justified ratings? Was the information provided by the M&E system used during the project to improve project performance and to adapt to changing needs? Did the Projects have an M&E system in place with proper training for parties responsible for M&E activities to ensure data will continue to be collected and used after project closure? Budgeting and Funding for M&E activities. Were adequate budget provisions made for M&E made and were such resources made available in a timely fashion during implementation? Long-term Monitoring. Is long-term monitoring envisaged as an outcome of the project? If so, comment specifically on the relevance of such monitoring systems to sustaining project outcomes and how the monitoring effort will be sustained. Assessment of processes that affected attainment of project results. The evaluation will consider, but need not be limited to, consideration of the following issues that may have affected project implementation and attainment of project results: Preparation and readiness. Were the projects objectives and components clear, practicable and feasible within its timeframe? Were capacities of the executing institutions and counterparts properly considered when the project was designed? Were lessons from other relevant projects properly incorporated in design? Were the partnership arrangements properly identified and the roles and responsibilities negotiated prior to implementation? Was availability of counterpart resources (funding, staff, and facilities), passage of enabling legislation, and adequate project management arrangements in place at project entry? Ascertain to what extent the project implementation mechanisms outlined in the project document have been closely followed. In particular, assess the role of the various committees established and whether the project document was clear and realistic to enable effective and efficient implementation, whether the project was executed according to the plan and how well the management was able to adapt to changes during the life of the project to enable the implementation of the project. Evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency and adaptability of project management and the supervision of project activities / project execution arrangements at all levels (1) policy decisions: Steering Group; (2) day to day project management: (3) GEF guidance: UNEP DGEF. Country ownership/Drivenness. This is the relevance of the project to national development and environmental agendas, recipient country commitment, and regional and international agreements. Examples of possible evaluative questions include: Was the project design in-line with the national sectoral and development priorities and plans? Are project outcomes contributing to national development priorities and plans? Were the relevant country representatives, from government and civil society, involved in the project? Did the recipient government maintain its financial commitment to the project? Have the government approved policies or regulatory frameworks been in-line with the projects objectives? Stakeholder involvement. Did the project involve the relevant stakeholders through information sharing, consultation and by seeking their participation in projects design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation? For example, did the project implement appropriate outreach and public awareness campaigns? Did the project consult and make use of the skills, experience and knowledge of the appropriate government entities, NGOs, community groups, private sector, local governments and academic institutions in the design, implementation and evaluation of project activities? Were perspectives of those that would be affected by decisions, those that could affect the outcomes and those that could contribute information or other resources to the process taken into account while taking decisions? Were the relevant vulnerable groups and the powerful, the supporters and the opponents, of the processes properly involved? Specifically the evaluation will: Assess the mechanisms put in place by the project for identification and engagement of stakeholders in each participating country and establish, in consultation with the stakeholders, whether this mechanism was successful, and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Assess the degree and effectiveness of collaboration/interactions between the various project partners and institutions during the course of implementation of the project. Assess the degree and effectiveness of any various public awareness activities that were undertaken during the course of implementation of the project. Financial planning. Did the project have the appropriate financial controls, including reporting and planning, that allowed management to make informed decisions regarding the budget and allowed for timely flow of funds. Specifically, the evaluation should: Assess the strength and utility of financial controls, including reporting, and planning to allow the project management to make informed decisions regarding the budget and allow for a proper and timely flow of funds for the payment of satisfactory project deliverables throughout the projects lifetime. Present the major findings from the financial audit if one has been conducted. Did promised co-financing materialize? Identify and verify the sources of co- financing as well as leveraged and associated financing (in co-operation with the IA and EA). Assess whether the project has applied appropriate standards of due diligence in the management of funds and financial audits. The evaluation should also include a breakdown of final actual project costs by activities compared to budget (variances), financial management (including disbursement issues), and co- financing. This information will be prepared by the relevant DGEF Fund Management Officer of the project for scrutiny by the evaluator (table attached in Annex 1 Co-financing and leveraged resources). UNEP Supervision and backstopping. Did UNEP Agency staff identify problems in a timely fashion and accurately estimate its seriousness? Did UNEP staff provide quality support and advice to the project, approved modifications in time and restructure the project when needed? Did UNEP and Executing Agencies provide the right staffing levels, continuity, skill mix, frequency of field visits? Co-financing and Project Outcomes & Sustainability. If there was a difference in the level of expected co-financing and actual co-financing, then what were the reasons for this? Did the extent of materialization of co-financing affect the projects outcomes and/or sustainability, and if it did affect outcomes and sustainability then in what ways and through what causal linkages? Delays and Project Outcomes & Sustainability. If there were delays in project implementation and completion, the evaluation will summarise the reasons for them. Did delays affect the projects outcomes and/or sustainability, and if so in what ways and through what causal linkages? The ratings will be presented in the form of a table with each of the categories rated separately and with brief justifications for the rating based on the findings of the main analysis. An overall rating for the project should also be given. The rating system to be applied is specified in Annex 1: Evaluation report format and review procedures The report should be brief, to the point and easy to understand. It must explain; the purpose of the evaluation, exactly what was evaluated and the methods used. The report must highlight any methodological limitations, identify key concerns and present evidence-based findings, consequent conclusions, recommendations and lessons. The report should provide information on when the evaluation took place, the places visited, who was involved and be presented in a way that makes the information accessible and comprehensible. The report should include an executive summary that encapsulates the essence of the information contained in the report to facilitate dissemination and distillation of lessons. Evidence, findings, conclusions and recommendations should be presented in a complete and balanced manner. The evaluation report shall be written in English, be of no more than 50 pages (excluding annexes), use numbered paragraphs and include: An executive summary (no more than 3 pages) providing a brief overview of the main conclusions and recommendations of the evaluation; Introduction and background giving a brief overview of the evaluated project, for example, the objective and status of activities; Scope, objective and methods presenting the evaluations purpose, the evaluation criteria used and questions to be addressed; Project Performance and Impact providing factual evidence relevant to the questions asked by the evaluator and interpretations of such evidence. This is the main substantive section of the report and should provide a commentary on all evaluation aspects (A " F above). Conclusions and rating of project implementation success giving the evaluator s concluding assessments and ratings of the project against given evaluation criteria and standards of performance. The conclusions should provide answers to questions about whether the project is considered good or bad, and whether the results are considered positive or negative; Lessons learned presenting general conclusions, based on established good practices that have the potential for wider application and use. Lessons may also be derived from problems and mistakes. The context in which lessons may be applied should be clearly specified, and lessons should always state or imply some prescriptive action. A lesson should be written such that experiences derived from the project could be applied in other projects or at portfolio level; Recommendations suggesting actionable proposals for stakeholders to rectify poor existing situations as well as recommendations concerning projects of similar nature. In general, Terminal Evaluations are likely to have very few (only two or three) actionable recommendations; Annexes include Terms of Reference, list of interviewees, documents reviewed, brief summary of the expertise of the evaluator / evaluation team, a summary of co-finance information etc. Dissident views or management responses to the evaluation findings may later be appended in an annex. Examples of UNEP GEF Terminal Evaluation Reports are available at  HYPERLINK "http://www.unep.org/eou" www.unep.org/eou Review of the Draft Evaluation Report Draft reports submitted to UNEP EOU are shared with the corresponding Programme or Project Officer and his or her supervisor for initial review and consultation. The DGEF staff and senior Executing Agency staff are allowed to comment on the draft evaluation report. They may provide feedback on any errors of fact and may highlight the significance of such errors in any conclusions. The consultation also seeks agreement on the findings and recommendations. UNEP EOU collates the review comments and provides them to the evaluators for their consideration in preparing the final version of the report. All UNEP GEF Evaluation Reports are subject to quality assessments by UNEP EOU. These incorporate GEF Office of Evaluation quality assessment criteria and are used as a tool for providing structured feedback to the evaluator (see Annex 3). Submission of Final Terminal Evaluation Reports. The final report shall be submitted in electronic form in MS Word format and should be sent to the following persons: With a copy to: The final evaluation report will be printed in hard copy and published on the Evaluation and Oversight Units web-site  HYPERLINK http://www.unep.org/eou www.unep.org/eou. Subsequently, the report will be sent to the GEF Office of Evaluation for their review, appraisal and inclusion on the GEF website. Resources and schedule of the evaluation This final evaluation will be undertaken by an international evaluator contracted by the Evaluation and Oversight Unit, UNEP. The contract for the evaluator will begin on The evaluator will submit a draft report on to UNEP/EOU, the UNEP/DGEF Task Manager, and key representatives of the executing agencies. Any comments or responses to the draft report will be sent to UNEP / EOU for collation and the consultant will be advised of any necessary revisions. Comments to the final draft report will be sent to the consultant by after which, the consultant will submit the final report no later than ... In accordance with UNEP/GEF policy, all GEF projects are evaluated by independent evaluators contracted as consultants by the EOU. The evaluators should have the following qualifications: The evaluator should not have been associated with the design and implementation of the project. The evaluator will work under the overall supervision of the Chief, Evaluation and Oversight Unit, UNEP. Knowledge of UNEP programmes and GEF activities is desirable. Fluency in oral and written English is a must. Annex 1. OVERALL RATINGS TABLE CriterionEvaluators Summary Comments Evaluators RatingAttainment of project objectives and results (overall rating) Sub criteria (below)Effectiveness RelevanceEfficiencySustainability of Project outcomes (overall rating) Sub criteria (below)FinancialSocio PoliticalInstitutional framework and governanceEcologicalAchievement of outputs and activitiesMonitoring and Evaluation (overall rating) Sub criteria (below)M&E DesignM&E Plan Implementation (use for adaptive management) Budgeting and Funding for M&E activitiesCatalytic RolePreparation and readinessCountry ownership / drivennessStakeholders involvementFinancial planningUNEP Supervision and backstopping Overall Rating RATING OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS Highly Satisfactory (HS): The project had no shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Satisfactory (S): The project had minor shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Moderately Satisfactory (MS): The project had moderate shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Moderately Unsatisfactory (MU): The project had significant shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Unsatisfactory (U) The project had major shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Highly Unsatisfactory (HU): The project had severe shortcomings in the achievement of its objectives, in terms of relevance, effectiveness or efficiency. Please note: Relevance and effectiveness will be considered as critical criteria. The overall rating of the project for achievement of objectives and results may not be higher than the lowest rating on either of these two criteria. Thus, to have an overall satisfactory rating for outcomes a project must have at least satisfactory ratings on both relevance and effectiveness. RATINGS ON SUSTAINABILITY Sustainability will be understood as the probability of continued long-term outcomes and impacts after the GEF project funding ends. The Terminal evaluation will identify and assess the key conditions or factors that are likely to contribute or undermine the persistence of benefits after the project ends. Some of these factors might be outcomes of the project, i.e. stronger institutional capacities, legal frameworks, socio-economic incentives /or public awareness. Other factors will include contextual circumstances or developments that are not outcomes of the project but that are relevant to the sustainability of outcomes.. Rating system for sustainability sub-criteria On each of the dimensions of sustainability of the project outcomes will be rated as follows. Likely (L): There are no risks affecting this dimension of sustainability. Moderately Likely (ML). There are moderate risks that affect this dimension of sustainability. Moderately Unlikely (MU): There are significant risks that affect this dimension of sustainability Unlikely (U): There are severe risks that affect this dimension of sustainability. All the risk dimensions of sustainability are critical. Therefore, overall rating for sustainability will not be higher than the rating of the dimension with lowest ratings. For example, if a project has an Unlikely rating in either of the dimensions then its overall rating cannot be higher than Unlikely, regardless of whether higher ratings in other dimensions of sustainability produce a higher average. RATINGS OF PROJECT M&E Monitoring is a continuing function that uses systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders of an ongoing project with indications of the extent of progress and achievement of objectives and progress in the use of allocated funds. Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of an on-going or completed project, its design, implementation and results. Project evaluation may involve the definition of appropriate standards, the examination of performance against those standards, and an assessment of actual and expected results. The Project monitoring and evaluation system will be rated on M&E Design, M&E Plan Implementation and Budgeting and Funding for M&E activities as follows: Highly Satisfactory (HS): There were no shortcomings in the project M&E system. Satisfactory(S): There were minor shortcomings in the project M&E system. Moderately Satisfactory (MS): There were moderate shortcomings in the project M&E system. Moderately Unsatisfactory (MU): There were significant shortcomings in the project M&E system. Unsatisfactory (U): There were major shortcomings in the project M&E system. Highly Unsatisfactory (HU): The Project had no M&E system. M&E plan implementation will be considered a critical parameter for the overall assessment of the M&E system. The overall rating for the M&E systems will not be higher than the rating on M&E plan implementation. All other ratings will be on the GEF six point scale. GEF Performance DescriptionAlternative description on the same scaleHS = Highly SatisfactoryExcellentS = SatisfactoryWell above averageMS = Moderately SatisfactoryAverageMU = Moderately UnsatisfactoryBelow AverageU = UnsatisfactoryPoorHU = Highly UnsatisfactoryVery poor (Appalling) Appendix 7: Decision-making flowchart and organogram              Appendix 8: Terms of Reference ToR for the Steering Committee The Steering Committee (SC) will be chaired by the Director, UNEP-DEWA. In general, the SC will be responsible for providing overall guidance in the implementation of the project. The SC is not in any way legally or otherwise responsible for the success of the project. More specifically the SC will: Review and endorse the initial management plan for the project; Review and approve project workplans and annual workplans against budget allocations, as well as annual progress reports; Approve the composition of the Working Groups; Assist in soliciting wide support for the project; Review project implementation process paying particular attention to: Progress in implementation of the various project components; The monitoring and evaluation plan of the project; The quality of outputs produced; The sustainability of the project outcomes; and The replicability of actions recommended by the project; Review and approve the outline of, and subsequently the final reports arising from the project, including conclusions and recommendations particularly focusing on quality of outputs, and the information dissemination strategy, including its utility by potential users; In order to enhance dissemination of project results and recommendations, the SC should review / monitor: Stakeholder buy-in to the project during implementation (by review of the Monitoring and Evaluation survey reports); Whether results reach intended targets; and The risks of failure. The SC will meet at least annually, with extraordinary meetings called for by the SC Chairperson, as the need arises. Between meetings the SC will work via correspondence. At its first meeting the SC shall decide on its own rules of procedures and standing orders. Terms of References Project Manager Project Manager: Project Coordinating Unit of the Mediterranean Action Plan Duty Station: Nairobi/Kenya Functional Title: GEF Project Manager Grade: L-4 Functions: Under the supervision of the Head of Ecosystems Section, Scientific Assessment Branch, Division of Early Warning and Assessment and in consultation with the UNEP/DGEF, the Project Manager will have the overall responsibility for the management of the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP). To this end the Project Management will have the following Tasks and Responsibilities: Tasks and responsibilities: -Prepare a detailed draft work program to be reviewed and approved by the Steering Committee; -Prepare progress and financial reports as specified in the Project Document in liaising with lead agencies for assessment units, to be delivered in time; -Provide guidance and organization of the implementation of ALL activities specified in the Project Document, ensuring timely completion; -Organize workshops, meetings, field visits including arranging logistics and providing reports; -In consultation with UNEP, establish, Terms of Reference for Letters of agreement , sub-contractors and consultants; -Monitor the work of the consultants and sub-contractors, based on the Terms of Reference, and evaluate the work of the consultants and sub-contractors; -With guidance from SC, liaise on a day-to-day basis with Lead Agencies for implementation of assessment units activities and donors involved in the project and the Implementing Agency to facilitate the implementation of the project and promote exchanges of information among project participants; and -Oversee the work of the Lead Agencies and take necessary action if the performance is deemed not to be satisfactory; -Ensure full participation of Partners and stakeholders in the project, prepare a further strategy for Partner / stakeholder participation; -Facilitate finalization and distribution of the project outputs and other documents; -Review drafts of any working documents to be submitted to meetings or emanating from project activities, and communicate comments to consultants or originators with copies to UNEP/GEF. -Represent the Project at meetings organized by other organizations and programs, when they are deemed relevant to and/or in support of the project; -Liaise with other relevant GEF and non-GEF projects with focus on those referred to in the Project Document; -Provide general leadership in terms of coordination of activities with other programs and projects at national, provincial and local levels; -Provide technical leadership and ensure the technical soundness of the documents -Oversee the expenditure of funds channelled to support the Project; -Assist UNEP/GEF monitoring and evaluation activities; and -Preparation of terms of references for any project mechanisms, such as the Steering Committee, the Coordination Group, the Bureau, etc. and approve the memberships in consultation with UNEP/GEF; Qualifications: Advanced degree from University or equivalent Institution in environmental management, environmental assessment, marine/water science and/or engineering. A minimum of ten years of working experience, five of which should be in the management or coordination of international, regional or national projects related to the environment. Computer literacy required. Knowledge of the UN system and procedures essential. Efficiency, competence and integrity as well as negotiating skills, tact and diplomacy are essential. Fluency in English is required/ Appendix 9: Co-financing commitment letters from project partners Provided in another file. Appendix 10: Tracking Tools To be attached when officially released from GEF Secretariat. Appendix 11: GEF MSP TWAP Plan of Operations for five Water System Groups (Groundwater, Lakes/Reservoirs, Rivers, LMEs, Open Ocean) Note: This document presents a proposal of the Plan of Operations that is common for all five water system groups (Groundwater, Lakes/Reservoirs, Rivers, LMEs, and Open Ocean). Each water system group will have its own specificities when implementing the Plan of Operations, but it is expected that each group will keep as close as possible to the agreed common plan. Plan of Operations at the MSP level will be presented separately. ObjectiveValidated methodology for assessing major concerns, key causes and necessary interventions of the worlds major transboundary water systems accepted by major partners and experts.OutcomesA fully developed scientifically credible and operationally/financially feasible methodology for the assessment of the state and trends in major issues of transboundary concern of five transboundary water systems, based as far as possible on existing monitoring and observation/data collection systems, existing databases and ongoing assessment efforts. Methodology should be fully coordinated and harmonised among five transboundary water systems. Established sustainable partnership and execution arrangements among regional and international organisations for periodic coordinated and harmonised assessment of five transboundary water systems. Identified capacity building needs in five transboundary water systems.OutputsStakeholder validated methodology for a coherent and mutually coordinated assessment of a water system (groundwater, lakes/reservoirs, river basins, LMEs, open ocean areas), including assessment units/boundaries; priority issues; linkages among water systems; key indicators (scientific, environmental, socio-economic and governance); assessment products; institutional framework; partnerships, roles/responsibilities; and global coordination and harmonization framework among water systems. Strategy for the Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) of worlds major water systems. Execution arrangements including cooperation mechanisms among partners and linkages among water systems. Sustainability mechanisms. Capacity building needs.PartnershipsLead organisations (Groundwater - UNESCO-IHP; Lakes - ILEC; Rivers UNEP-UCC; LMEs - NOAA; and Open Ocean - UNESCO-IOC). Core partners (each water system has quite a number of potential partners). Associated partners. Contributing partners.ActivitiesPartnerships/ organisation of work A1. Selection of the coordinator. A2. Establishment of core group, working group(s) and/or expert group(s). A3. Formalization of arrangements with core partners. A4. Identification of other partners and formalizing of arrangements. A5. Identification of major stakeholders. A6. Identification of capacity building needs. Methodology B1. Definition of the scope and framework of the assessment methodology, including agreement on the definition of terminology. B2. Inventory and review of available data, sources, ongoing programmes and available methodologies. B3. Participation in the work of the MSP WG on Interlinkage, Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) and Demonstration Projects (DPs). B4. Participation in the work of the MSP WG on Data Management and Indicators. B5. Inception meeting. B6. Preparation of the draft methodology document. B7. Preparation of the elements of the proposal of IGA (to include assessment units, partners and institutions to be involved, data needed and their availability, estimate for required financial resources and timeframe for conducting actual IGA and DPs) and DPs to be considered at the Interlinkage WG. B8. Review of the draft methodology document by experts, partners, and stakeholders. B9. Meeting to approve methodology document. B10. Participation in the preparation/maintenance of the website at the MSP level.Meetings/ Working groupsWater system group level. Each group will have its own programme of meetings, however it is envisaged that on average each water system group will have two Core group meetings and two Working group meetings. MSP level. It is envisaged (a) Interlinkage group among five water system groups and Integrated Global Assessment (IGA) strategy; and (b) Coordination group on data management and indicators. FinancingRoughly USD 795,000 will be available from GEF for water system groups activities, i.e., USD 159,000 per group, subject to some adjustments among groups. Partnerships should result in co-financing in-cash and in-kind, which is at least matches GEF financing. Work PlanDuration of the MSP will be 18 months. Each Water System Group will have its own timetable for the implementation of activities listed above. Appendix 12: GEF MSP TWAP - Methodology for the Assessments for five Water Systems Groups (Groundwater, Lakes/Reservoirs, Rivers, LMEs, Open Ocean) Note: This document presents an approach to the development of the methodology for assessments of water systems that is proposed to be applied by each of the five water system groups. ConcernsConcerns relevant to most of the water systems: (a) meeting stakeholder needs in sustainable manner; (b) ecosystem degradation; (c) habitat destruction; (d) alien species; (e) unsustainable fisheries; (f) pollution; (g) nutrient over-enrichment; (h) ocean acidification; (i) human health and safety; (j) climate change; (k) water shortage; (l) urbanization; (m) land-use; (n) socio-economic issues; (o) sustainable financing; (p) public awareness; (r) education and participation; (s) governance; and (t) infrastructure. Each of the water systems has additional specific issues of concern. Emerging issues: (a) conflicts over freshwater; (b) impacts of climate change, and (c) melting of permafrost.Scaling and scopingAssessment units to be defined in each water system, approach to be harmonised among water systems. Specific hot spots should be considered for assessment. Thematic scope could be ecosystem-based or issue-based. Time scale of assessments could be 5-10 years, to be harmonised among water systems. TWAP assessments of the marine systems should be closely aligned with the UNGA Regular Process.Linkages among water systemsVery strong methodological interlinkage among water systems is required. Each water system will have specific linkages with others.IndicatorsIndicators at the water systems level: The assessment methodology will be based on selected key indicators of the (a) state; (b) stress reduction and (c) process. In addition (d) progress indicators of the implementation of the project will be selected. There is a need for harmonisation of the selected indicators across all five water systems, as far as possible and as appropriate. Indicators at the global level: Expert group on data management and indicators will aim to select a set of indicators that will allow for the global assessment of all five water systems and will ensure that linkages among them are taken into consideration.Data and knowledgeData and knowledge will be drawn from all relevant and available international, regional and national programmes. The assessment methodology shall incorporate access to existing global databases containing processed and validated data. An appropriate data and information management system, possibly linked to existing regional and global databases, is critical for the success of TWAP. Data needs and gapsPossibilities to improve the knowledge base include: (a) linkage to existing international and regional relevant programmes; (b) data harmonization; and (c) partnerships with the private sector. There will be a need for harmonization of indicators and data and information with other regional and global processes (e.g., UNGA Regular Process, World Water Assessment Program).Stakeholders Primary stakeholders include Governments with transboundary water systems, basin administrations, GEF, UNGA, Regional Seas and many other organisations and donor and international financial institutions. Consideration should be given to developing an engagement and outreach plan, given the wide range of stakeholders and relatively low awareness of problems. The organisation of ad hoc TWAP sessions in relevant international meetings will enhance stakeholder participation on local, national and regional level.SustainabilityThe sustainability of the assessment methodology will be dependent on its incorporation in management and/or development policies and activities of governments and its acceptability and utilization by relevant donors/funding agencies. The sustainability of TWAP will be best ensured by creating benefits and ownership of the main local and regional stakeholders. The perceived success of the first assessment will determine the willingness of governments/regional organisations, sponsors/ to sustain the process. Linking the assessment to a database and monitoring system and strong linkage with other mechanisms and processes (e.g. UNGA Regular Process, WWAP) could help to sustain the process. Appendix 13: GEF MSP TWAP PROPOSAL - GROUNDWATER Plan of Operation Outcome A fully developed methodology for the assessment of the state of transboundary groundwater bodies, identifying the major issues of transboundary concern affecting the aquifer systems, and based as far as possible on existing databases and ongoing assessment efforts. The assessment methodology will reflect interactions among the assessment units and support the result based management in the GEF International Waters focal area. Establishment of the execution arrangements for the groundwater component of the assessment, including establishment of a partnership among agencies and organizations. Identification of TWAP sustainability mechanisms. Outputs The main output of the groundwater component of the MSP will be a report describing: the validated methodology for the assessment of transboundary groundwater; the execution arrangements including cooperation mechanisms among the partners (key institutions and agencies, experts of other organizations, key information sources); and sustainability mechanisms. The output of the groundwater component will be part of the overall harmonized methodology. Partnerships The preparation work of the groundwater assessment methodology will be structured around three main elements: (1) Coordinator; (2) Core Group; and (3) ad hoc Expert Groups. (1) Coordinator, nominated by the core partners, will have the main task of ensuring (a) the harmonization and consistency of the groundwater methodology with the overall TWAP methodology, and (b) the necessary exchanges with the other assessment unit Groups. (2) Core Group (CG) responsible for the development of the assessment methodology will consist of the following organizations and programmes: International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO (IHP), an intergovernmental cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building; Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management (ISARM) Initiative, a worldwide and multi-agency programme aimed to improve the understanding of scientific, socio-economic, legal, institutional and environmental issues related to the management of transboundary aquifers; International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) that facilitates and promotes world-wide sharing of groundwater information and knowledge, under auspices of UNESCO (Category 2 Centre) and WMO; World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), programme of UN-Water, hosted by UNESCO. WWAP monitors freshwater issues, develops case studies, enhances assessment capacity at a national level and informs the decision-making process. It produces a periodic, comprehensive global review providing an authoritative picture of the state of the worlds freshwater resources; World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP), joint programme of UNESCO-IHP and BGR (German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources), collecting, collating and visualizing hydrogeological information at a global scale; Institute for Water Education (IHE), UNESCO Category 1 Centre, carrying out research, education and capacity building activities in the fields of water and the environment; and UNESCO Chair on Groundwater at the University of Cape Town, UNESCO Chair and International Network of Water-Environment Centres for the Balkan (INWEB) at the University of Thessaloniki, and others. (3) The Expert Group(s) will be composed of international experts in the various aspects of transboundary waters state and management, and will be nominated by the Core Group with the objective of addressing specific themes and methodological aspects. The Expert group will also be involved in the final validation of the methodology. Activities (1) Definition of the scope and framework of the assessment methodology including the establishment of ad hoc Expert Groups EG (CG). (2) Definition of the execution arrangements and of the modalities for the participation of the various partners involved. Partners will belong to three different categories (CG): Regional organizations (partners with regional expertise), such as SADC, OSS, OAS, UNESCWA, IHP- National Committees, NGOs, Geological Surveys, National Water Authorities and others; Partners providing expertise in the policy domain (UNILC, FAO, BMZ, GDI, SIWI, and others); and Partners providing technological and specific expertise: ESA, NASA, BGR, DELTARES, IAH, ETHZ, BRGM, USGS, UNESCO IHP Centers and Chairs (Regional Centre for Shared Aquifer Resources Management, Tripoli), and others. (3) Development of Terms of Reference for individual working groups and expert groups, and establishment of the working groups according to the Terms of Reference (CG). (4) Development of the TWAP methodology and of the TWAP execution arrangements (CG, EG, other working groups). (5) Cross-cutting activity: exchange and integration with other assessment units groups (Coordinator, CG, EG). (6) Finalization and validation of the proposed assessment methodology by the Core Group and Expert Group. (7) Final report writing (Coordinator, CG, EG, working groups). Meetings Two general face to face meetings of all parties involved will be held during the development of the groundwater component of the MSP; one at inception, and one for the final validation of the methodology. An additional meeting to ensure the needed interlinkage between the various assessment units is envisaged around midterm of the MSP. Financing The financial plan and major expenditures are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Financial plan (USD) CashIn kindTotalGEF150,000150,000UNESCO30,00062,00092,000BMZ/BGR12,00038,00050,000Total192,000100,000292,000 Table 2. Major expenditures (USD) Major expenditureTotal costCore Group meetings (3 x 20,000/meeting)60,000Travel cost for coordination among project partners30,000Project manager20,000Other expenses (research, publication, communications, documentation, etc.)82,000Total cash funds available (150k GEF, 30k UNESCO, 12k BGR)192,000 Work plan The activities defined at 1.4 will be carried out according to the following work plan (Table 3). Table 3. Work plan Activity123456789101112131415161718(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) Activities 1 and 2 will be carried out within the initial three months of the MSP, followed by the Inception Meeting. Activity 3 will occupy then fourth month, while the actual development of the methodology, Activity 4 and 5 and the interlinkage meeting, will last 10 months. The last four months of the project will include Activities 6 and 7. Methodology Concerns, priorities and transboundary (and other relevant) issues In relation with groundwater, environmental issues of transboundary concern may derive from four major causes, which are: (1) intensive exploitation; (2) land use practices and land degradation determining groundwater pollution and quality/quantity of recharge; (3) climate change; and (4) lack of institutional and legal frameworks at national and at regional level. It has on the other hand to be noted that aquifers, including transboundary ones, can provide opportunities for stress reduction on surface waters and ecosystems (e.g.: managed aquifer recharge). Prospects for additional water resources provide incentive for enhanced cooperation among countries. Scaling and scoping The identification and recognition of the transboundary aquifer systems and their 3-D geometry poses major problems globally. Only in some regions, thanks mostly to the regional initiatives supported by ISARM programme and UNECE, an inventory of transboundary aquifers is available. From such inventories only the approximate location of transboundary aquifers and their basic characteristics are known. The assessment, organized by regions (e.g. Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa, etc.), will help to (1) improve this situation; and (2) take stock of the level of understanding of transboundary aquifer globally and their recognition. 2.3. Input-output analysis Groundwater, rivers, lakes and coastal areas represent an environmental continuum. For example, in many cases groundwater is discharging into coastal seas, while in others, due to excessive exploitation of groundwater the reverse flow may appear, leading to intrusion of seawater into the coastal aquifer. Rivers and lakes are hydraulically connected and interact with groundwater, the flow of water being in either direction, depending on the level of the groundwater table. This interaction of groundwater with rivers, lakes and coastal seas requires a very strong methodological interlinkage among the respective TWAP components. 2.4 Indicators The assessment methodology will be based on selected key indicators of the state of the aquifer system, and of the management processes in place. These indicators will likely belong to three categories: (1) Environmental Status Indicators: these indicators will relate to the physical chemical characteristics, such as (i) level of the water table in alluvial plains; (ii) nutrient loads; (iii) contaminant loads such as pesticides; (iv) health of groundwater-dependent ecosystems; (v) extent of marine intrusion, etc.; (2) Process Indicators: indicators measuring parameters such as (i) the knowledge and recognition of aquifer systems; (ii) percentage of agricultural and other uses; (iii) recharge area protection policies; (iv) presence of joint management/consultation structure; (v) presence of inter-ministry management arrangements, adopted TDA/SAP; and (vi) provisions for conjunctive management with surface water and for strategic uses (climate change adaptation); and (3) Progress indicators: indicators measuring progress in the MSP implementation will be presented in the Mid-term period reports, such as: (i) definition of the main interface activities (should be available at the end of month 3); (ii) participation of all partners achieved (should be available at the end of month 6); (iii) links with the GEF International Water (IW) Science Project identified and communicated to the other group; and (iv) report on the preparation of the draft methodology (should be available at the end of month 12). 2.5 Data and knowledge availability (databases, assessment programmes) (1) ISARM/IGRAC: (i) Americas; (ii) Southern Africa (SADC); (iii) Western Africa (ECOWAS); (iv) Caucasus and Central Asia (with UNECE); (v) Balkans; and (vi) SE-Europe (with UNECE). (2) UNECE-INWEB: (i) Europe (SE-Europe with ISARM); (ii) Caucasus and Central Asia (with ISARM); and (iii) INWEB data base. (3) UNESCWA-INWEB: (i) Western Asia. (4) GEF: (i) Groundwater and Drought Management SADC; (ii) Guarani Aquifer; (iii) Nubian Aquifer; (iv) Iullemeden Aquifer; (v) North West Sahara Aquifer System; and (vi) others. (5) BGR/UNESCO WHYMAP: (i) Global Map based on regional and continental hydrogeological characterization; (2) WHYMAP-GIS. For a list of relevant databases, available to the public, please refer to the Annex. 2.6 Data needs and knowledge gaps Knowledge gaps persist on the existence, geometry and vertical distribution of transboundary aquifers and knowledge on groundwater flow dynamics, groundwater quality, level of use and degradation, etc. remains scarce. Monitoring data are collected incoherently, are often outdated and not easily accessible. Possibilities to improve the knowledge base and information on transboundary aquifers include: (1) Evaluate ways to increase support to the ISARM Process for the global application of its five-step methodology which includes scientific-hydrogeological, institutional, legal, socio-economic and environmental aspects; (2) Data harmonisation according to ISARM- IGRAC methodology; (3) Acquisition of additional data using remote sensing techniques and other technological/modelling approaches; and (4) The oil and mining industries own a considerable knowledge on aquifer existence and distribution, knowledge which is not available to the public. The MSP will evaluate the possibility of establishing a partnership with the private sector to have access, at least partly (e.g.: first 500m?), to this information. 2.7 Stakeholder participation to ensure connection to the regional level policy frameworks/priorities The UNESCO IHP National Committees will play an important role in the Programmes implementation by organising regional meetings and producing national reports. Often being attached to Ministries (such as Ministry of Water; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; etc.) or National Authorities (such as Water Authorities, Geological Surveys, etc.) the National Committees provide an opportunity to connect to the national and regional policy framework. The Organization of ad hoc TWAP sessions in UNESCO ISARM regional workshops will further enhance stakeholder participation on local, national and regional level. 2.8 Sustainability of the assessment process It is envisaged that sustainability of the assessment process beyond the first GEF funded baseline assessment will be ensured through incorporation of the TWAP methodological approach into the work of the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), and through improved recognition of the TWAP methodology approach into regional and national groundwater resources management programmes. A broader role of WWAP, to embrace all transboundary freshwater systems and possibly also coastal-marine systems will be explored during the MSP. Annex: Table of available water-related databases Datasets Categories of informationCentre/ providing companyCurrent Internet linkClimate data; - Precipitation, temperatures, pressureCRU Climate Research Unit  HYPERLINK "http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/" http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/AQUASTAT; - Land use and population - Climate and water resources - Water use, by sector and by source - Irrigation and drainage development - Environment and healthFAO Food and Agriculture Organisation HYPERLINK "http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm" http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stmFAOSTAT - Land Use and Irrigation, Fertilizer and Pesticides statisticsFAO Food and Agriculture Organisation HYPERLINK "http://faostat.fao.org/" http://faostat.fao.org/GEMSTAT - Surface and ground water quality data setsGEMS Water, UNEP  HYPERLINK "http://www.gemstat.org/" http://www.gemstat.org/Global precipitation analysisGPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre HYPERLINK "http://gpcc.dwd.de" http://gpcc.dwd.de-Water Fluxes into the Oceans -Discharge Statistics -Composite Runoff Fields -Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge (GTN-R)GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre HYPERLINK "http://grdc.bafg.de" http://grdc.bafg.deGGIS Global groundwater information system - Aquifer characteristics, - Groundwater quantity - Groundwater quality - Groundwater development - Groundwater Problems IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre HYPERLINK "www.igrac.nl" www.igrac.nl- land cover - population density - biodiversity for 154 basins and sub-basins around the worldIUCN water atlas World Conservation Union HYPERLINK "http://www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/" http://www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/ETOPO5 and ETOPO2 - Global relief (land and oceans)NGDC National Geophysical Data Centre HYPERLINK "http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/01mgg04.html%20" http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/01mgg04.html Gridded population of the worldSEDAC Socio economic Data and Application Centre HYPERLINK "http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/" http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/GRID Global Resources Information Database - Freshwater - Climate - Population UNEP HYPERLINK "http://www.grid.unep.ch/data/index.php" http://www.grid.unep.ch/data/index.php  HYPERLINK "http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/" http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/ TOPO30 STRM - elevation data (land) HYDRO1k - streams, drainage basinsUSGS United States Geological Survey HYPERLINK "http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation.html" http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation.htmlEarthtrends - Water Resources and Freshwater EcosystemsWorld resources Institute HYPERLINK "http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=2" http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=2UNEP Environmental Outlook (GEO 4)http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/media/WHYMAP Web-Mapping and DatabaseWHYMAP World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme, BGR/UNESCO HYPERLINK "http://www.whymap.org" http://www.whymap.org http://www.bgr.bund.de/groundwater/IAEA Isotopic properties Database (recharge flow etc) Appendix 14: GEF MSP TWAP PROPOSAL - LAKES/RESERVOIRS Plan of Operation Outcome Development and dissemination of a scientifically-rigorous, ecosystem-based Assessment Methodology directed to results-based management of transboundary lakes and reservoirs. Outputs The major outputs will include: An agreed Assessment Methodology for transboundary lakes and reservoirs, including appropriate scientific, environmental, socio-economic, institutional and governance indicators; Demonstration project(s) directed to application and evaluation of the effectiveness of Assessment Methodology applied to selected transboundary lakes and reservoirs; and Realistic, practical partnerships, comprising appropriate institutions and agencies to implement and evaluate assessments of transboundary lakes and reservoirs. Partnerships Potential partnerships include, but are not limited to: International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC); UNEP-International Environment Technology Committee (IETC); Living Lakes; North American Lake management Society (NALMS); International Society of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL); American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO); International Association of Great Lakes Research (IAGLR); Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS/Water); and Relevant Transboundary Lake Basin authorities. Activities The primary activities comprise: Initial Scoping Meeting of full lake/reservoir work group to identify and agree upon Assessment Methodology needs, logistics and procedures; Identification and review of relevant lake assessment and management documents, reports and studies; Field visits by ~3 person core group to four selected, representative lakes and reservoirs; Preparation of Assessment Methodology; Finalization Meeting of full lake/reservoir work group to agree upon final Assessment Methodology document; and Identification of partners, and development of partnerships to conduct case studies to evaluate efficacy of Assessment Methodology for transboundary lakes and reservoirs. Meetings It is anticipated this activity will comprise 2 full work group and 3 core group meetings (the latter during the above-noted field visits). Financing The estimated expenses for the Lakes/Reservoir Work Group are presented in the Table 1: Table 1. Estimated expenses (in USD) ItemGEFCounterpartTotalTwo Work Group meetings (2 x 30,000/meeting)50,00010,00060,000Four core group meetings (4 meetings x 4,000/person/meeting x 3 people)36,0004,00040,000Project manager50,00069,000119,000Other expenses (research, publication, communications, documentation, etc.)14,0009,00023,000Total150,00092,000242,000 Work plan The current work plan, subject to any needed revisions, comprising the following activities, is presented in the Table 2: Recruitment of Project Manager Secure agreement of UNEP/IETC to assume administrative function for lake/reservoir component of TWAP. Scoping Meeting Full lake/reservoir work group, to include, as appropriate, selected ILEC Scientific Committee members; Living Lakes; NALMS/SIL; selected transboundary lake authorities (depending on basin); perhaps IPCC and/or forest representative to discuss implications of these topics; Field visits to 4 transboundary lake/reservoir basins by core group. Preparation of Assessment Methodology; Finalization Meeting, to include approval of Assessment Methodology and identification of, and agreement on relevant Partnerships to apply and evaluate efficacy of Assessment Methodology; Table 2. Work plan Activity123456789101112131415161718(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) Methodology 2.1. Concerns, priorities and transboundary (and other relevant) issues (1) Overall concerns: Constraints (quality, quantity, governance) in meeting stakeholder needs in sustainable manner; and (2) Priority issues, including upstream & downstream water needs: (i) eutrophication; (ii) acidification; (iii) fisheries status; (iv) biological community structures; (v) overall water pollution; (vi) sedimentation; (vii) organics/toxic substances (e.g., emission of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.); (viii) salinity; (ix) alien invasive species; (x) water levels/over-abstraction; and (xi) governance issues (including (a) Institutions; (b) Policy; (c) Sustainable financing for management; and (d) Public awareness, education and participation). 2.2. Scaling and scoping Small vs. large lakes; Natural vs. artificial lakes; Climatic zones; Freshwater vs. saline lakes; Single water use vs. multiple/competing water uses; and Time scale, to include seasonal, annual and multiple years (based on water residence time). 2.3. Input-output analysis Inputs: Water & contaminants/pollutants via tributary inflows; direct runoff or discharge into lake; atmospheric transport; groundwater inflow; in-lake inputs (e.g., lake bottom sediments), in-lake inputs. Outputs: Tributary discharge; water abstractions; groundwater outflows; evaporation from lake/reservoir surface; lake bottom sediment (acting as pollutant/sediment sink); in-lake biological/chemical/physical transformations; fisheries (harvest & sustainable populations). 2.4. Indicators State Indicators (listing of potential categories/topics): Chemical (including concentrations & gradients): Nutrients; heavy metals; organic chemicals; sediments; microbes; salinity; suspended/dissolved solids; pH; dissolved oxygen; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); chemical oxygen demand; Biological (including gradients): Algal biomass & types; species diversity; invasive species; fisheries (yield, minimum number); Physical (including gradients): Water clarity and temperature; Governance: Institutions (number, type, mandates, audience served, effectiveness); Policies/regulations (number, type, level applied, sectors/audience regulated; status of enforcement; Stakeholder awareness/involvement in lake basin management activities; Finances (sustainable or not?); Cultural/religious concerns; Status of International Agreements (including water abstractions and quality concerns); and Upstream vs. downstream water needs/concerns. (2) Stress Indicators: Most are identical with those noted under Concerns (Item 1 above); to include, as appropriate, point and nonpoint source water and pollutant loads (e.g., effluent discharges; river mouth loads; groundwater inputs; atmospheric inputs, etc.). (3) Progress Indicators (listing of potential categories/topics): Number of individual tasks/reports completed; Timely expenditure of funds; Number of databases identified; Number of agencies involved; and Status of relevant institutions (number; type). 2.5. Data and knowledge availability (databases, assessment programmes) Relevant sources of data and information include, but are not limited to: ILEC (Integrated Lake Basin Management [ILBM] case studies; World Lake databases, World Lake Vision [WLV] and World Lake Vision Action Committee [WLVAR] reports; Living Lakes; Lake Net; NALMS; IAGLR; ASLO/SIL; International Joint Commission (for North American Great Lakes); and Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) lake and reservoir case studies of Global Environment Facility (GEF); and Specific transboundary lake assessment reports Data needs and knowledge gaps To be based on results of Item (7) above, although substantial gaps in data and information on lake/reservoir governance elements is assumed. Stakeholder participation to ensure connection to the regional level policy frameworks/priorities The sustainability of the lake/reservoir Assessment Methodology will rest on its acceptability and utilization by relevant transboundary lake basin authority activities and/or donors/funding agencies. These include, but are not limited to: (i) Lake Titicaca Binational Authority; Lake Victoria Basin Commission; (ii) Lake Chad Basin Commission; (iii) International Commission for Protection of Lake Constance; (iv) Zambezi Watercourse Commission; (v) Lake Malawi Basin Commission; (vi) Estonia-Russia Transboundary Water Commission; (vii) Lake Tanganyika Lake Management Authority; and (viii) International Joint Commission. Some of the river basin commissions include important transboundary lake basins, such as the la Plata commission, Central Asia Water Commission, Sustainability of the assessment process The sustainability of the lake/reservoir Assessment Methodology will be dependent on its incorporation in management and/or development policies and activities (e.g., capacity building; awareness raising). Sustainable funding sources for relevant activities also may be necessary for some lakes/reservoir basins. Appendix 15: GEF MSP TWAP PROPOSAL - RIVERS Plan of Operation 1.1 Outcome A general and coherent international awareness and political willingness to address strategic transboundary river basin issues and their key causes. Establishment of a sustainable institutional framework for periodic assessment of priority transboundary river basins. 1.2 Outputs Develop a guideline on TWAP Rivers methodology, including sections on: General approach; Scaling of assessment units; Scoping of assessment concerns; Indicators for state of concerns as well as their socio-economic impacts; Indicators for pressures and drivers; Indicators for implementation processes; Indicators for implementation progress; Assessment tools for indicators; Data collection and management formats; and Presentation and dissemination of results. (2) A stakeholder-validated proposal for river basin assessment teams and a global coordination framework. Main themes to be addressed include: Global coordination structure; Basin assessment organization; Links to other global and regional river assessment programs, including national activities; Links to other water system assessments: groundwater, lakes and oceans; and Links to ongoing global assessments like WWAP, UNEP/GEO, UNDP HDR, OECD Environmental Outlook, development banks Environmental Outlook and GEF TDAs. 1.3 Partnerships (1) Core partners UNEP (UCC-Water, DEWA, GEMS, GRID, 5 Regional UNEP Offices); SIWI; and IUCN. (2) Associated partners Confirmed: UNESCO (WWAP, IHP), LOICZ, ILEC; International organizations: UN-Water, WMO, FAO, UNDP, OECD; and International NGOs: IWMI, INBO, GWP, WRI, WWF. Contributors Regional: MRC, SADC, ECOWAS, Niger River Authority, Nile River Initiative, NARBO; (to be expanded during MSP) National Water Authorities and monitoring organizations; and National universities and research institutes. 1.4 Activities Inception study; Inception workshop; Stakeholder analysis; Development of draft methodology and institutional framework; Midterm workshop; Regional stakeholder review; Joint Consensus Workshop on draft guidelines; and Finalization of Methodology Guidelines. 1.5 Meetings Contact in core team will be maintained over internet via email, Skype and teleconferencing via Acrobat Connect. Meetings with associate partners will be arranged on an ad-hoc basis with participation of appropriate core team members. Full partner meetings will be held in association with major international events: Inception Workshop: WWW, 2008; Global assessment seminar: WWF, 2009; Regional joint TWAP assessment workshop implemented by IUCN in Asia and Africa 2009; and Final draft assessment: WWW 2009. 1.6 Financing The financial plan is presented in the Table 1. Table 1. Financial plan (in USD) No workshop costs are included here. Only UCC and SIW participate in the workshops? ItemGEFIn kind/cashTotalCore Staff cost: UCC, SIWI 90,00090,000Core staff travel costs: UCC, SIWI 20,00020,000Reimbursable staff costs: UCC, SIWI and other partners80,00080,000IUCN stakeholder workshops40,00040,00080,000Reimbursable travel and partner participation cost: UCC, SIWI and other partners40,00040,000Total160,000150,000310,000 1.7 Work plan The activities defined at 1.4 will be carried out according to the following work plan (Table 2). Table 2. Work plan Activity123456789101112131415161718(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)Methodology 2.1 Concerns, priorities and transboundary (and other relevant) issues Shortage: Priority transboundary river basin concerns of strategic importance to GEF are related to water shortage. Rising demands due to economic development, urban migration and agricultural production expansion will tax available resources, and the need to maintain environmental flows for ecosystem protection further adds to the competition for water. Overall, the freshwater ecosystems of the worlds wetlands are under pressure, with severe implications for millions of poor, who depend on goods and services provided. The expected increase in rainfall variability due to climate change will add to these problems Contamination: River basins are the major sources of nutrient loads to the coastal waters, originating from sediments from land erosion due to inappropriate land uses; fertilizer losses from intensive agriculture; and nutrients from human waste water discharges. Toxic substances are expected to create increasing problems, partly from pesticide use in agriculture, partly from waste discharges from mining and industrial plants. Human health and safety will also be included with specific relation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Emerging issues are related to the effects of global warming on glaciers and permafrost. The ecosystem changes of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, caused by climate change, may introduce new challenges in the near future, such as environmental refugees and migration. 2.2 Scaling and scoping The river basin will be partitioned into sub basins as assessment nodes, where rivers cross national boundaries. Assessment nodes will also be established at links to other TWAP systems (lakes, groundwater, large marine ecosystems), at the request of these TWAP system teams. A limited number of priority transboundary concerns will be identified based on a scoping of their environmental character and their socio-economic impacts. These will be analyzed at the sub basin level at nodes where a river crosses from one country to another. Specific hotspots related to the priority concerns will also be considered as assessment nodes. 2.3 Input-output analysis Intimate links will be established between the TWAP team on transboundary lakes and groundwater aquifers (the subterranean lakes). A clear methodology to account for the interactions between lakes, aquifers and rivers shall be established. Similarly, specific links to the marine TWAP teams assessments of coastal waters (including estuaries and lagoons) shall be considered in the methodology. Rivers provide important input to the coastal waters and the TWAP marine waters teams will specify their needs in relation to the river assessments Special attention shall be given to achieve synergy and cooperation with the WWAP. 2.4 Indicators The purpose of the indicators is to create political and public awareness of (i) major water related issues and their socio-economic impacts; (ii) the main human-induced pressures behind these issues; and most importantly (iii) reveal potential interventions to address these pressures. The indicator framework will provide a simplified version of the DPSIR concept by considering a logical causal chain to link: (1) Concerns and impacts; (2) Causes related to socio-economic development; and (3) Interventions to address the causes. State indicators shall describe main environmental and socio-economic impacts. They focus on (i) water shortage; (ii) water contamination; (iii) human safety (health and floods); and (iv) aquatic ecosystem health (goods and services). Appropriate scoping methods for comparison of indicators and prioritization of concerns and impacts shall be established. Pressure indicators shall identify the major socio-economic causes/drivers/causes behind the concerns, such as (i) demographic trends (ii) economic sector drivers; (iii) climate change; and (iv) international agreements and trends. Process indicators shall describe the possible interventions and their expected impact on pressures and concerns, including (i) enabling environments such as policy, law and finance; (ii) institutional frameworks in regional, government, community and private sector stakeholders; and (iii) intervention instruments, such as infrastructure investment, economic instruments, law enforcement, conflict resolution, knowledge base, awareness, etc. The three groups of indicators must be linked throughout the assessment process in order to ensure that the interaction between indicators is consistent. As a whole, the indicators shall be able to justify intervention proposals to decision makers and to the general public. Progress indicators shall describe the progress of addressing the following concerns: 1st order: Interventions planned; 2nd order: Interventions implemented; 3rd order: Pressures under control; and 4th order: Concern under control. 2.5 Data and knowledge availability (databases, assessment programmes) The assessment methodology shall incorporate access to existing global databases containing processed and validated data, such as GIWA, GRID, GEMS, UNDP HDR, WMO, etc. In specific basins, access shall as far as possible be based on regional and national databases, accessed via local contributors. TWAP databases shall be developed and provided to the teams by a central UNEP/GEF unit and provide a high degree of flexibility, both in relation to data content and data quality. 2.6 Data needs and knowledge gaps Meta and macro-level data on river basin issues as well as the socio-economic pressures exists (with the exception of specific basins like the Congo) thanks to the efforts of UNESCO, WMO and UNDP, as well as national and regional data frameworks. A key problem may be the accessibility of the data as it could be classified in relation to transboundary issues. Where data is missing, information may be gathered through surveys and questionnaires to cover data gaps. This is particularly relevant in relation to process indicators. 2.7 Stakeholder participation to ensure connection to the regional level policy frameworks/priorities The primary target groups are the national governments, basin administrations, communities and private sector representatives in countries with transboundary river basin concerns. In particular, the media is an important stakeholder. This group also includes regional organizations, in particular transboundary river basin organizations. Emphasis shall be on the needs of the GEFSEC IW-staff and the countries involved in the IW program. GEF programs on Biodiversity and Climate Change may also benefit from TWAP. UN-Water and its members shall also be addressed. Finally, the assessment shall target the supporting stakeholders such as international NGOs, environmental media frameworks and the academic community. 2.8 Sustainability of the assessment process The future sustainability of TWAP will be best ensured by creating benefits and ownership at the river basin level among the main local and regional stakeholders. At the local level, a close collaboration or integration into UN Water and WWAP shall be emphasized. Appendix 16: GEF MSP TWAP PROPOSAL - LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (LMEs) 1. Plan of Operation 1.1 Outcome A feasible, scientifically robust ecosystem-based methodology for assessment and monitoring of the state and changing conditions of LMEs in five themes: 1) productivity, 2) fish and fisheries, 3) pollution and ecosystem health, 4) socioeconomics and 5) governance. Focus will be on transboundary issues. [note: A 5-module LME approach with ecosystem indicators for these five themes already exists. The applicability of this approach to TWAP would need to be assessed and possibly adapted for use in all regions]; Partnerships among regional and international organizations established for periodic assessment of LMEs, including identification and establishment of links to other regional and global assessment processes (such as the UNGA Regular Process); Identification of required capacity building needs for LMEs assessment using the new methodology. Outputs Methodology report: Technical aspects: Definition of assessment units/boundaries, identification of priority issues, key indicators, definition of assessment products (reports, atlas, database, website), data and information, etc; Institutional aspects: institutional framework and partnerships, roles and responsibilities; Capacity building needs assessment report. 1.3 Partnerships Partnerships will be established through existing institutions and GEF International Waters projects. A large network of partners already exists for LMEs. Partnerships will be established for: Development of methodology (about 5 core partners); and Conduct of assessment (including active participation as well as contribution of data and information, etc), which will require more partners. Core, Associate and Contributing partners will be identified from among a large number of confirmed and potential partners, including: Lead NOAA, IOC-UNESCO GEF/LME projects, LOICZ, GPA, UNEP, Intl Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Intl Centre for Theoretical Physics, Rutgers Univ., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Univ. Rhode Island, Princeton University, Univ. California, UBC Fisheries Centre Sea Around Us project, UNIDO, UNDP, FAO, WMO, GRID Arendal, SAHFOS, IUCN, IOCCG, GESAMP, IMO, OBIS, IMBER, GLOBEC, SOLAS, CoML, HELCOM, Regional Seas programmes, regional and national agencies, etc. UN partners could be connected through UN-Oceans. 1.4 Activities (see Work plan below). 1.5 Meetings Two workshops of experts tasked with developing the methodology and producing the report. The Group of Experts would be composed of about 10 experts (funded), partner representatives (from in kind support), and led by a consultant (funded). The IOC/NOAA annual LME consultation is an opportunity to obtain inputs from LME experts. The composition of the working group will be determined under the MSP. 1.6 Financing (in USD) The financial plan and major expenditures are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Financial plan (USD) CashIn kindTotalGEF150,000150,000IOC Ocean Science Programme20,00050,00070,000Total170,00050,000220,000 Table 2. Major expenditures (USD) Major expenditureUSDConsultant50,000Workshops 60,000Capacity needs assessment15,000coordination, publication, etc 25,000Total150,000 Work plan MAJOR ACTIVITIESMONTHS1234567891011121314151617181. PartnershipsFormalization of arrangements with core partners for methodology (MOUs, LOAs)1Selection of experts and formal establishment of group of experts (GoE)Identification of group leader/coordinatorContracting of consultant2Identification of other partners and formalizing of arrangements (for assessment)Identification of major stakeholders (and development of outreach & engagement plan)2. 3Methodology1st workshop Inventory of available data and sources, ongoing programmesWork on methodology by GoE (virtual forum)2nd workshop Drafting of methodology documentReview of methodology document by GOE and revisionReview of revised document by partners and othersApproval of methodology by partnersMethodology document finalizedFinal methodology document published/disseminatedData and information management system - identification of needs, architecture, etc (for individual groups, at level of MSP) 3. Capacity needs assessment Identification of capacity building needs Drafting of report Review and finalization of reportPublication of report1Identification of potential experts to begin before official start of the project.. 2Partners to be based on issues, key indicators and data and other requirements, and overall assessment approach identified by experts. 3Methodology for LME assessment exists this component will include assessment of suitability of this approach for use in TWAP and possible adaptation.  2. Methodology 2.1 Concerns, priorities and transboundary (and other relevant) issues Concerns in LMEs include: fisheries overexploitation and destructive fishing practices; habitat destruction/alteration and biodiversity loss (including impacts of global warming and sea level rise, invasive species); pollution (particularly land-based sources, including elevated nutrient inputs and impacts on primary productivity); acidification, climate change, upwelling and fisheries and coastal communities; socioeconomics; and governance. Priority transboundary environmental issues are to be identified under the MSP; these may vary among the LMEs, and might change over time. Emerging issues: include melting of permafrost. 2.2 Scaling and Scoping Thematic scope could be ecosystem-based (e.g. coral reefs) or issue-based (e.g. eutrophication). GIWA provides information on scoping and scaling, which is pertinent to LMEs. The GEF/NOAA/UNEP LME book also provides an assessment of major issues in all 64 LMEs, based on the 5-module approach. The geographic scale is the LME. At the TWAP partners meeting in Paris (March 2008), it was agreed that coastal systems should be included in LMEs (mangroves, estuaries, coral reefs, seagrass, river deltas - in terms of habitat destruction and pollution inputs into LMEs), and not in the Rivers system. Key areas or polygons could be defined based on particular habitats, currents, etc, and indicators selected for defining the polygons. Initiatives to map marine habitats, such as that of GRID Arendal to use geomorphological data to identify and characterize global marine benthic habitats, and the bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas (Spalding et al. 2006) would be helpful in the identification of TWAP LME assessment units. Particular attention will be on hotspots. Frequency: The full assessment could be repeated about every 5-10 years, and closely aligned with the UNGA Regular Process. A number of selected indicators would be updated more frequently (depending on the issues and data availability). This could be facilitated by linking TWAP to ongoing data collection and observation programmes (e.g. GOOS) and existing databases (e.g. IODE, OBIS). 2.3 Input Output Analysis (linkages between TWAP systems) Cross shelf exchange with open ocean; riverine inputs (fresh water, pollutants); groundwater seepage into LMEs; saline intrusion due to over-extraction of groundwater in coastal aquifers and sea level rise; air-sea fluxes between river basins and LMEs; human vectors (e.g. shipping) and impacts on LMEs. 2.4 Indicators The NOAA LME programme is developing a number of LME indicators. A number of partners (e.g. HELCOM, Sea Around Us project) have also developed a range of indicators that are pertinent to LMEs. Environmental State Indicators Biological: Ecosystem health indicators, biodiversity indicators (species, ecosystems), fisheries (e.g. catch, regime shifts); Physical/chemical: e.g. Water colour; contamination levels in water, sediment and animal tissue; Environmental indicators (global, systemic level): e.g. primary productivity, acidification (pH). Process indicators (including governance indicators) Policy, institutional frameworks. Stress (reduction) Related to intervention to address problems. Will also include indicators related to environmental stress (e.g. fishing effort, nitrogen inputs, coral reef stress indicators). Socioeconomic indicators Drivers of change in LMEs and impacts on humans. Progress Indicators: satisfactory completion of activities, outputs within specified timeframe- see work plan 2.5 Data and knowledge availability A substantial amount of data is available for a number of the LMEs, e.g. through GEF LME projects (Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses, Strategic Action Programmes, thematic studies, etc), LME reports and publications, LOICZ, GPA, FAO, GIWA reports, Regional Seas programmes, scientists working on numerical modelling (e.g. Ecopath with Ecosim, Global NEWS project, climate modelling), National Ocean Data Centres, database on Harmful Algae Blooms, Earth system science data sets, satellite-derived primary production estimates, qualitative expert systems models as applied to LMEs by GESAMP for estimates of pollution and environmental conditions, etc. The current GEF-funded IOC/UNEP MSP (Promoting Ecosystem-based Approaches to Fisheries Conservation and LMEs) is addressing the need for quantitative data (e.g. nutrient loading, modelling ecosystem resilience, trophic data for fisheries yields). [Note: An appropriate data and information management system is critical for the success of TWAP. There is need to identify data management needs for TWAP, which will form the basis for the system. The concept of a common architecture for all TWAP groups (at level of MSP) should be developed. Existing systems should be built upon IWLEARN, IODE, NOAA, OBIS, world data centers for ocean and marine environment, etc.] 2.6 Data needs and knowledge gaps Database: Existing databases such as OBIS and the National Ocean Data Centres could form the basis for an LMEs database. This will be discussed further during the MSP. Some LMEs have better data/databases than others. Data needs and specific gaps will be identified following agreement on priority issues, what is to be assessed and data required. There will be a need for harmonization of indicators and data and information across LMEs and with other global and regional processes (e.g. UNGA Regular Process). 2.7 Stakeholder Participation Primary stakeholders include GEF, LME Commissions (e.g. Benguela), UNGA, Regional Seas, LOICZ, HELCOM, other regional agencies/organizations, bordering countries, UNCLOS and other Conventions, Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, Regional economic groups (e.g. Mercusur, SADC, NAFTA, EU Commission, APEC), NGOs, academic communities, donor and international financial institutions. A large number of national and regional political frameworks are already engaged in activities that are relevant to LME assessment and management. Developing an outreach and engagement plan is important given the wide range of stakeholders. 2.8 Sustainability of the process A large LME scientific network already exists, with an array of pertinent activities. These, together with GEF LME projects and current regional frameworks and initiatives, will enhance sustainability of TWAP-LMEs. Sustainability will be assessed during the MSP. To a large extent, the perceived success of the first assessment will determine the willingness of sponsors/governments to sustain the process. Binding the assessment to existing databases (e.g. IODE and OBIS) and monitoring systems (e.g. GOOS) and strong linkage with other global and regional mechanisms and processes (e.g. UNGA Regular Process, Regional Seas) could help to sustain the process. Capacity strengthening in the regions will help ensure sustainability, as will buy-in by regional and international stakeholders. Appendix 17: GEF MSP TWAP PROPOSAL - OPEN OCEAN 1. Plan of Operation 1.1 Outcome Very important task of this group is to define the assessment units (GYRES OR division of the open ocean areas for future assessment purposes). This is a very important part of the methodology development. Feasible, scientifically robust ecosystem-based methodology for assessment and monitoring of the environmental state and changing conditions of the global open ocean in priority themes, e.g. fisheries, biodiversity, environmental change (e.g. primary productivity, acidification, climate change), pollution, socioeconomics and governance. [other themes may be identified as new concerns emerge]; Partnerships among regional and international organizations established for periodic assessment of the open ocean, including identification and establishment of links to other regional and global assessment processes (such as the UNGA Regular Process); Identification of required capacity building needs for open ocean assessment using the new methodology. 1.2 Outputs 1. Methodology report: i. Technical aspects: Definition of assessment units/boundaries, identification of priority concerns and issues, key indicators, data and information sources, definition of assessment products (reports, atlas, database, website), etc; ii. Institutional aspects: institutional framework and partnerships, roles and responsibilities; 2. Capacity building needs assessment report. 1.3 Partnerships Partnerships will be established for: i. Development of methodology (about 5 core partners); and ii. Conduct of assessment (including active participation as well as contribution of data and information, etc), which will require more partners. Core (about 5 partners), Associate and Contributing partners will be identified from among a large number of confirmed and potential partners, including: Lead IOC- UNESCO UNEP, FAO, IMO, WMO, GRID Arendal, NOAA, IIASA, ICTP SAHFOS, IOCCG, Ocean Tracking Network, GESAMP, CoML (deep sea/open ocean projects), OBIS, IMBER, GLOBEC, SOLAS, WWF, Sea Around Us project (Univ. British Columbia), appropriate national and regional agencies. These partners also have networks and collaborating agencies, which could be brought on board. UN partners could be connected through UN-Oceans. 1.4 Activities (See Work plan below). 1.5 Meetings Two workshops of experts tasked with producing the outputs. The working group will be composed of about 10 experts representing various relevant disciplines (funded), partner representatives (from in kind support), and led by a consultant (funded). The working group composition will be determined under the MSP. Coordinating groups on data management and indicators should be established (a representative from each of the 5 groups). Each group pays for its own participation in coordinating group meetings. 1.6 Financing The financial plan and major expenditures are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Financial plan (USD) CashIn kindTotalGEF150,000150,000IOC GOOS20,00050,00070,000Total170,00050,000220,000 Table 2. Major expenditures (USD) Major expenditureUSDConsultant50,000Workshops 60,000Capacity needs assessment15,000Coordination, Publication, etc25,000TOTAL155,000 1.7 Work plan MAJOR ACTIVITIESMONTHS1234567891011121314151617181. PartnershipsFormalization of arrangements with core partners for methodology (MOUs, LOAs)1Selection of experts and formal establishment of group of experts (GoE)Identification of group leader/coordinatorContracting of consultant2Identification of other partners and formalizing of arrangements (for assessment)Identification of major stakeholders (and development of outreach & engagement plan?)2. Methodology1st workshop Inventory of available data and sources, ongoing programmes, available methodologies Work on methodology by GoE (virtual forum)2nd workshop Drafting of methodology documentReview of methodology document by GOE and revisionReview of revised document by partners and othersApproval of methodology by partnersMethodology document finalized Final methodology document published/disseminatedData and information management system - identification of needs, architecture, etc (for individual groups, at level of MSP??) 3. Capacity needs assessment Identification of capacity building needs Drafting of report on capacity building needs Review and finalization of reportPublication of report1Identification of potential experts to begin before official start of the project.. 2Partners to be based on issues, key indicators and data and other requirements, and overall assessment approach identified by experts. 2. Methodology 2.1 Concerns, priorities and transboundary (and other relevant) issues The open ocean is the global commons, therefore all concerns could be considered transboundary and of international interest. Concerns include: Unsustainable fishing (issues include excessive fishing levels, destructive fishing practices, bycatch on deep sea habitats such as seamounts; migratory pelagics such as tuna and shark); Biodiversity loss (including habitat degradation and loss) deep sea benthic habitats such as seamounts, cold water coral reefs and hydrothermal vents have high biodiversity and high endemism. Some of these habitats, particularly seamounts, are being severely impacted by bottom trawling. Threats to biodiversity of pelagic species with oceanic distribution (such as marine mammals, turtles, shark) is also of concern; Global systemic changes such as acidification, nutrient balance and productivity, impacts of global warming and climate change, air-sea interactions; Pollution (sources such as atmospheric deposition and land-based, shipping, oil and gas industry); nitrogen and carbon are of major concern in open ocean (related to the previous concern); Socioeconomics and governance issues (since the open ocean is outside of national jurisdiction, there are issues related to socioeconomic development and governance). Emerging issues: include impacts of proposed initiatives such as carbon storage, iron fertilization, deep sea bed mining, etc. 2.2 Scaling and Scoping Thematic scope could be ecosystem-based (e.g. seamounts, cold water corals) or issue-based (e.g. overfishing). Some themes will have a global scope (e.g. patterns of global primary productivity or acidification); others will have a regional scope (e.g. gyres - plastic debris concentrated in the North-central Pacific Gyre). Others are globally dispersed but with local expression (e.g. seamounts, deep sea vents). Air-sea interactions, atmospheric inputs of pollution to the open ocean and links with LMEs/coastal zones, will also be considered. Ocean hotspots will be identified and have special focus for the assessment. Very important task of this group is to define the assessment units (GYRES OR division of the open ocean areas for future assessment purposes). This is a very important part of the methodology development. The geographic scale is the global open oceans, divided into assessment units. Very important task of this group is to define the assessment units for future assessment purposes. Key areas or polygons could be defined based on particular habitats (e.g. seamounts, cold water coral reefs) ocean currents (water column) and on seafloor physiography (benthic environments). Mapping of deep sea and open ocean habitats such as being done by GRID Arendal using geomorphological data to identify and characterize global marine benthic habitats, and the Global Open Ocean and Deep Sea bioregional classification (under development), would be useful in defining assessment units. Under the UNGA Regular Process, open ocean assessment units are also being defined, with which the TWAP open ocean assessment units should be compatible. Definition of open ocean assessment units, which will depend to a large extent on priority issues and what is to be assessed, will be among the initial tasks under the MSP. Frequency: The full assessment could be repeated approximately every 5-10 years, and would be closely aligned with the UNGA Regular Process. A number of selected indicators might be updated more frequently (depending on the issues and data availability). This could be facilitated by linking TWAP to ongoing data collection and observation programmes (e.g. GOOS) and existing databases (e.g. IODE, OBIS). 2.3 Input-Output Analysis (linkages with other TWAP systems) Cross shelf exchange with LMEs; air-sea fluxes between open ocean and river basins; human vectors (e.g. shipping) - exchanges with LMEs. 2.4 Indicators Environmental State Indicators Indicator categories will include: Biological: Ecosystem health indicators, biodiversity indicators, fisheries (e.g. catch, stock size); Physical/chemical: e.g. contamination indicators (e.g. contaminant levels in deep sea sediments); and Environmental indicators (global, systemic level): e.g. primary productivity, acidification. Process indicators (including governance indicators) Policy, institutional frameworks, etc. Stress (reduction) Related to intervention to address problem in post MSP period. Will also include indicators related to stress levels, e.g. fishing effort, nitrogen inputs. Socioeconomic indicators Drivers of change in open ocean and impacts on humans. Temporal and geographical variation in indicators would be monitored where applicable. [Progress Indicators: satisfactory completion of activities, outputs within specified timeframe- see work plan] 2.5 Data and knowledge availability (databases, assessment programmes) In the past few years, data collection and assessment activities in the high seas and areas beyond national jurisdiction have increased rapidly, which has led to a substantial increase in understanding deep-sea environments, their complexity, and diversity (topography, chemistry and biodiversity). A substantial amount of data and information is available from an array of global/regional observing and data collection programmes such as GOOS and GEOSS networks, drifting buoys, biological and physical data from ships of opportunity, World Ocean Data Centers, real-time in situ data from the field (e.g. PIRATA array of buoys, satellite borne ocean sensors for temperature (AVHRR), salinity (Aquarius), chlorophyll and productivity (SeaWiFS), Surveys and censuses (e.g. Census of Marine Life), deep sea habitat mapping (e.g. GRID Arendal), thematic assessments (e.g. GESAMP Task Team Report on pollution in the open ocean (prepared for the UNGA Regular Process Assessment of Assessments), scientists working on numerical modelling, etc. [Note: An appropriate data and information management system is critical for the success of TWAP. Data management needs for TWAP should be identified, which will form the basis for the system. The concept of a common architecture for all TWAP groups (at level of MSP) should be explored. Existing systems should be built upon IWLEARN, IODE, NOAA, OBIS, world data centers for ocean and marine environment, etc.] 2.6 Data needs and knowledge gaps Compared to the other TWAP systems, the open ocean has significant spatial, temporal and thematic data and knowledge gaps. The GESAMP Task Team Report on pollution in the open ocean highlights the data needs and gaps on pollution, from an assessment perspective. A survey of global and regional marine environmental assessments and related scientific activities also undertaken under the UNGA Regular Process Assessment of Assessments highlights the substantial temporal and spatial gaps in data and information, as well as capacity, for the high seas/deep ocean areas. Data needs and specific gaps are to be identified following agreement on priority issues, what is to be assessed and data required. There will be a need for harmonization of indicators and data and information with other regional and global processes (e.g. UNGA Regular Process). 2.7 Stakeholder Participation Open ocean primary stakeholders include GEF, UNGA, Regional Seas, Arctic Council, IWC, fisheries commissions, regional fisheries management organizations, International Seabed Authority, UNCLOS and other Conventions, regional economic groups (e.g. Mercursur, ECOWAS, SADC, NAFTA, EU Commission, APEC), private sector (shipping, oil and gas industries), NGOs, academic communities, donor and international financial institutions. Currently, the open ocean is of interest primarily to developed countries, which will also be among the primary stakeholders. Consideration should be given to developing an engagement and outreach plan, given the wide range of stakeholders and relatively low awareness of the open ocean. 2.8 Sustainability of the process Sustainability will be assessed during the MSP. To a large extent, the perceived success of the first assessment will determine the willingness of sponsors/governments to sustain the process. Linking the assessment to existing databases (e.g. IODE and OBIS) and monitoring systems (e.g. GOOS) and strong linkage with other mechanisms and processes (e.g. UNGA Regular Process) could help to sustain the process. Capacity strengthening in the regions will help ensure sustainability, as will buy-in by regional and international stakeholders. Appendix 18: Results and lessons learnt from the GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL WATERS ASSESSMENT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY GIWA was a globally comparable assessment of the state and future trends of transboundary aquatic resources. The project was initiated and funded largely by GEF and led by UNEP. Other major donors were national organizations of the Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian governments. The University of Kalmar, Sweden, hosted the GIWA Core Team and Coordination Office. On a regional basis, a bottom-up and multidisciplinary approach was adopted that involved nearly 1,500 natural and social scientists from around the world. It has been the largest assessment of a broad array of ecosystem-wide water issues from a transboundary perspective in many parts of the world, particularly developing regions. The GIWA project divided the world into 66 transboundary water regions, each crossing national boundaries and comprising one or more major drainage basins with adjacent Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). Each assessment focused on five major concerns and 22 specific water-related problems such as overexploitation of freshwater and fish, pollution, habitat deterioration and loss of biodiversity. The potential effects of global climate change were also assessed. Causal chain analysis was essential in identifying and better understanding the links between perceived problems and their societal root causes. Regional teams conducted the assessment based on existing regional data and information, and adapted the methodology to the local conditions. In many GIWA regions, the assessment process has strengthened communication between social and natural scientists, as well as managers. It has also fostered transboundary cooperation and new partnerships within the regions and between neighbouring regions. The key products of GIWA are 35 regional reports; most of them published in print and/or electronically. The GIWA Final Report summarizes the findings of the regional reports in a global perspective and provides information on GIWAs methodology and theoretical background. A regional approach on the scale of major river basins and adjacent LMEs proved successful thanks to the strong involvement of regional teams and local experts. GIWA helped to create scientific and managerial capacity in developing countries and fostered interdisciplinary and international communication and cooperation. The standardized methodology provided the basis for a global synopsis that links aquatic issues on land and sea. In its simplest form, the GIWA methodology comprised the following components. A. Scaling The exercise whereby the hydrological catchments and the receiving seas that comprise the GIWA region are identified. Scaling: defines the geographic boundaries of the region; identifies key systems within the sub-region; and indicates the major geographic features and economic activities conducted within the sub-region. B. Scoping Enables a comprehensive assessment of the current perception of the impacts of each GIWA issues (both environmental and socioeconomic), the current trends and the likely future state. It is based on the available information for the sub-region and on experts opinions through a consensus building process. Scoping is therefore an estimation of the severity of the impacts of the 22 GIWA issues on a globally comparative basis, and which can serves as a mechanism for prioritisation. Scoping: identifies the critical GIWA concerns and issues in the sub-region by assessing their environmental and socio-economic impacts; produces estimates of the likely environmental and socioeconomic impacts by the year 2020. establishes priorities among the GIWA concerns and issues. C. Detailed Assessment Reviews the origins, reliability and applicability of the information, and uses it to provide quantitative judgments on the severity of impacts where feasible. Detailed Assessment: is not a self contained component which is confined to one stage in the assessment process; is an integral activity within the other components and, therefore, is carried out at several stages in the assessment process; substantiates the experts conclusions in the other components; identifies and documents the nature and availability of information related to the selected priority concerns and issues; quantifies the severity of the impacts of the selected concerns and issues. D. Causal Chain Analysis (CCA) - Traces the cause-effect pathways associated with each significant concern, from the socioeconomic and environmental impacts back to its root causes. Its purpose is to identify the most important root causes of each concern in order to target them through policy intervention for cost-effective remediation or mitigation. This CCA is policy-oriented. The core of the GIWA approach to CCA is to look at the factors that directly or indirectly shape the human actions that impact the way in which water and water-related resources are used. The CCA: traces the proximate to the root causative factors behind the selected GIWA concerns and issues; is conducted to serve as the foundation of the selection of policy options. E. Policy Option Analysis indicates potential management interventions (based on the identification and understanding of root causes) to solve or mitigate the addressed concerns. Policy Option Analysis: indicates potential policy interventions, based on the identification of the root causes conducted in the CCA; includes the evaluation of alternative scenarios, developed on the basis of projected actions taken to addresses the identified root causes of environmental degradation. GIWA MEGA-REGIONS AND REGIONS (With links to the GIWA website and the status of assessment and reporting) Arctic 1.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area1.phtml" Arctic North Atlantic 2. HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area2.phtml" Gulf of Mexico* 3. HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area3.phtml" Caribbean Sea* 4. HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area4.phtml" Caribbean Islands 5.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area5.phtml" Southeast Shelf* 6.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area6.phtml" Northeast Shelf* 7.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area7.phtml" Scotian Shelf* 8.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area8.phtml" Gulf of St. Lawrence 9.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area9.phtml" Newfoundland Shelf* 10.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area10.phtml" Baffin Bay, Labrador Sea, Canadian Archipelago 11.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area11.phtml" Barents Sea* 12.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area12.phtml" Norwegian Sea* 13.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area13.phtml" Faroe plateau 14.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area14.phtml" Iceland Shelf * 15.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area15.phtml" East Greenland Shelf* 16.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area16.phtml" West Greenland Shelf* 17.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area17.phtml" Baltic Sea* 18.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area18.phtml" North Sea* 19.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area19.phtml" Celtic-Biscay Shelf* 20.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area20.phtml" Iberian Coastal* 21.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area21.phtml" Mediterranean Sea* 22.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area22.phtml" Black Sea* 23.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area23.phtml" Caspian Sea 24.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area24.phtml" Aral Sea North Pacific 25.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area25.phtml" Gulf of Alaska* 26.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area26.phtml" California Current* 27.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area27.phtml" Gulf of California* 28.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area28.phtml" East Bering Sea* 29.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area29.phtml" West Bering Sea* 30.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area30.phtml" Sea of Okhotsk* 31.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area31.phtml" Oyashio Current* 32.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area32.phtml" Kuroshio Current* 33.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area33.phtml" Sea of Japan* 34.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area34.phtml" Yellow Sea* 35.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area35.phtml" Bohai Sea 36.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area36.phtml" East-China Sea* 37.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area37.phtml" Hawaiian Archipelago* Eastern South America 38.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area38.phtml" Patagonian Shelf* 39.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area39.phtml" Brazil Current* 40.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area40.phtml" Northeast Brazil Shelf* 40A.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area40A.phtml" Brazilian Northeast 40B.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area40B.phtml" Amazon Sub-Saharan Africa 41.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area41.phtml" Canary Current* 42.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area42.phtml" Guinea Current* 43.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area43.phtml" Lake Chad 44.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area44.phtml" Benguela Current* 45a.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area45.phtml" Agulhas Current* 45b.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area45b.phtml" Indian Ocean Islands 46.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area46.phtml" Somali Coastal Current* 47.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area47.phtml" East African Rift Valley Lakes Indian Ocean 48.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area48.phtml" Gulf of Aden 49.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area49.phtml" Red Sea* 50.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area50.phtml" The Gulf 51.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area51.phtml" Jordan 52.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area52.phtml" Arabian Sea* 53.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area53.phtml" Bay of Bengal S.E. Asia and the South Pacific 54.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area54.phtml" South China Sea* 55.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area55.phtml" Mekong River 56.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area56.phtml" Sulu-Celebes Sea* 57.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area57.phtml" Indonesian Seas* 58.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area58.phtml" North Australian Shelf* 59.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area59.phtml" Coral Sea Basin 60.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area60.phtml" Great Barrier Reef* 61.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area61.phtml" Great Australian Bight 62.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area62.phtml" Small Island States 63.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area63.phtml" Tasman Sea Southeast Pacific 64.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area64.phtml" Humboldt Current* 65.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area65.phtml" Eastern Equatorial Pacific Antarctic 66.  HYPERLINK "http://www.giwa.net/areas/area66.phtml" Antarctic*  THE PRE-DEFINED GIWA CONCERNS AND THEIR CONSTITUENT ISSUES Freshwater shortage Modification of stream flow Pollution of existing supplies Changes in the water table Pollution Microbiological Eutrophication Chemical Suspended solids Solid wastes Thermal Radio nuclide Spills Habitat and community modification Loss of ecosystems Modification of ecosystems or ecotones, including community structure and/or species composition Unsustainable exploitation of fisheries and other living resources Over-exploitation Excessive by-catch and discards Destructive fishing practices Decreased viability of stock through pollution and disease Impact on biological and genetic diversity Global change Changes in hydrological cycle Sea level change Increased UV-b radiation as a result of ozone depletion Changes in ocean CO2 source/sink function SUMMARY OF GIWA FINDINGS GIWA Final Report presents the major results and findings of the GIWA regional assessments. Major transboundary concerns and issues On a global scale, pressures from human activities have weakened the ability of aquatic ecosystems to perform essential functions, which is compromising human well-being and sustainable development; The five GIWA transboundary concerns (freshwater shortage, pollution, overfishing, habitat modification, global change) are serious worldwide problems that are expected to increase in severity by 2020; Transboundary pollution has a moderate or severe impact in more GIWA regions than any other concern. Pollution is mainly concentrated in inland and nearshore systems. The most critical transboundary pollution issue is suspended solids, particularly in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Eutrophication, as well as microbial and chemical pollution, is also of particular concern; Over-abstraction of water resources is resulting in the drying up of rivers, lakes and aquifers, leading to water shortages in many regions. Water shortage is undoubtedly the top priority for Sub-Saharan Africa; Overexploitation of living resources was assessed as severe in more regions than any other issue. The environmental impacts of destructive fishing practices are severe in most parts of the world. The issue of excessive by-catch and discards is most critical in Southeast Asia and South America; Modification of habitats is particularly severe in tropical LMEs, especially in Central America, East Africa and Southeast Asia. Habitat and community modification was most frequently identified as the priority concern in Northeast Asia and South America; Negative synergies between the concerns, including global change, were frequently noted in the regions; These concerns have a range of social and economic impacts, which vary in severity among the regions. 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Response options Several policy options for addressing the GIWA concerns and issues are analysed. It was found that the complexity and diversity of transboundary systems require the integration of management across countries, sectors and ecosystems. Ecosystem-based management, including integrated coastal zone management, is recognized as an effective policy response for halting or reversing the degradation of large marine and limnic ecosystems.  In case in the original or modified expected outcomes are merely outputs/inputs then the evaluators should assess if there were any real outcomes of the project and if yes then whether these are commensurate with the realistic expectations from such projects.  For example, construction of dam in a protected area could inundate a sizable area and thereby neutralizing the biodiversity related gains made by the project or, a newly established pulp mill might jeopardise the viability of nearby protected forest areas by increasing logging pressures. Spalding, M.D. et al. 2007. Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57/7: 573-583.     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!"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl  t(T3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alp(yt" kd!f$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl  tFT3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alpFyt" kdk$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~  tF0T3LLLL44 lalpFyt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl  t֖T3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alp֖yt" kdq$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~  t֖0T3LLLL44 lalp֖yt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl  t֖T3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alp֖yt" kdcy$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~  t֖0T3LLLL44 lalp֖yt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl & t־T3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alp־yt" &kd$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~ & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh545}5~5~5~5}5~5~5 ~5 ~5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v}#v~#v}#v ~#v #v#v#v:Vl & t־T3545}5~5}5 ~5 555/ alp־yt" &kd$$Ifl֦4/+& !"#$B&')(+,m.01T34}~~~}~~~~ & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl tT3545 |5 / alyt" {kdI$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| t0T3LLLL44 lalyt" j$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t(T3545 |5 / alp(yt" kdѕ$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" j$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t(T3545 |5 / alp(yt" kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  tFT3545 |5 / alpFyt" kde$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  tF0T3LLLL44 lalpFyt" r$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t֠T3545 |5 / alp֠yt" kd3$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t֠0T3LLLL44 lalp֠yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl " t֪T3545 |5 / alp֪yt" kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| " t֪0T3LLLL44 lalp֪yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl & t־T3545 |5 / alp־yt" &kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl tT3545 |5 / alyt" {kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| t0T3LLLL44 lalyt" j$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t(T3545 |5 / alp(yt" kdy$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" j$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t(T3545 |5 / alp(yt" kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t(0T3LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  tFT3545 |5 / alpFyt" kd $$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  tF0T3LLLL44 lalpFyt" r$$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl  t֠T3545 |5 / alp֠yt" kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34|||||||||  t֠0T3LLLL44 lalp֠yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl " t֪T3545 |5 / alp֪yt" kd5$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| " t֪0T3LLLL44 lalp֪yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl & t־T3545 |5 alp־yt" &kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl & t־T3545 |5 alp־yt" &kd$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh545|5|5|5|5|5|5|5 |5 |5 5 5 5 55555#v4#v |#v :Vl & t־T3545 |5 / alp־yt" &kd[$$Ifl֦4,$ !#$4&'|) +,h. 01T34||||||||| & t־0T3LLLL44 lalp־yt" v$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl4 t6+,55ayt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl4 t6+55c5 b5 ayt" kd$$Ifl4֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1 cccbbbbbb t06LLLL44 layt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd $$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tZ655c5 b5 apZyt" Mkd~$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tZ06LLLL44 lapZyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tn655c5 b5 apnyt" }kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tn06LLLL44 lapnyt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" W$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t2655c5 b5 ap2yt" kd#$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t206LLLL44 lap2yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tF655c5 b5 apFyt" !kd*)$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tF06LLLL44 lapFyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tF655c5 b5 apFyt" !kd.$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tF06LLLL44 lapFyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  td655c5 b5 apdyt" ckd4$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  td06LLLL44 lapdyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tx655c5 b5 apxyt" kd*;$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tx06LLLL44 lapxyt" I$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֌655c5 b5 ap֌yt" kdA$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֌06LLLL44 lap֌yt" _$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֖655c5 b5 ap֖yt" kdH$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֖06LLLL44 lap֖yt" u$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֠655c5 b5 ap֠yt" kdP$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֠06LLLL44 lap֠yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl $ tִ655c5 b5 apִyt" kdvW$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb $ tִ06LLLL44 lapִyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl & t־655c5 b5 ap־yt" )kd._$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb & t־06LLLL44 lap־yt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" _$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֖655c5 b5 ap֖yt" kdfg$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֖06LLLL44 lap֖yt" u$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֠655c5 b5 ap֠yt" kdn$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֠06LLLL44 lap֠yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl $ tִ655c5 b5 apִyt" kdu$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb $ tִ06LLLL44 lapִyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl & t־655c5 b5 ap־yt" )kd}$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb & t־06LLLL44 lap־yt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" v$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl4 t6+,55ayt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl4 t6+55c5 b5 ayt" kdb$$Ifl4֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1 cccbbbbbb t06LLLL44 layt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kdO$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kdG$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd?$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" A$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd7$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tZ655c5 b5 apZyt" Mkd/$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tZ06LLLL44 lapZyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tn655c5 b5 apnyt" }kd[$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tn06LLLL44 lapnyt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" W$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t655c5 b5 apyt" kd;$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t2655c5 b5 ap2yt" kd_$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t206LLLL44 lap2yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tF655c5 b5 apFyt" !kd۶$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tF06LLLL44 lapFyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tF655c5 b5 apFyt" !kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tF06LLLL44 lapFyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  td655c5 b5 apdyt" ckd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  td06LLLL44 lapdyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  tx655c5 b5 apxyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  tx06LLLL44 lapxyt" I$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֌655c5 b5 ap֌yt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֌06LLLL44 lap֌yt" _$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֖655c5 b5 ap֖yt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֖06LLLL44 lap֖yt" u$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֠655c5 b5 ap֠yt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֠06LLLL44 lap֠yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl $ tִ655c5 b5 apִyt" kd'$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb $ tִ06LLLL44 lapִyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl & t־655c5 b5 ap־yt" )kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb & t־06LLLL44 lap־yt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" _$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֖655c5 b5 ap֖yt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֖06LLLL44 lap֖yt" u$$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl  t֠655c5 b5 ap֠yt" kdK$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb  t֠06LLLL44 lap֠yt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl $ tִ655c5 b5 apִyt" kd$$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb $ tִ06LLLL44 lapִyt" $$If!vh55c5c5c5b5b5b5b5 b5 b5 5 5 5 55555#v#vc#v b#v :Vl & t־655c5 b5 ap־yt" )kdc $$Ifl֦$Lr 6"#%[')*,7./1cccbbbbbb & t־06LLLL44 lap־yt" R$$If!vh51#v1:Vl t651ayt" 1$$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l (0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4p(yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55 5$ 5t#v#v #v$ #vt:V l0h%,55 5$ 5t/ 4yt" $$If!vh55$ 5t#v#v$ #vt:V l4 0h%,55$ 5t/ 4f4pyt" DyK www.unep.org/eouyK 0http://www.unep.org/eouDyK www.unep.org/eouyK 0http://www.unep.org/eou $$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l4 ``` t0r$,55V5/ pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l4  t0r$,55V5/ f4pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l4  t0r$,55V5f4pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l4  t0r$,55V5f4pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l4  t0r$,55V5f4pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,55V5/ pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5/ ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,55V5/ pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l  t0r$,,55V5/ pytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5/ ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5/ ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5/ ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l t0r$,55V5ytE$$If!vh55V5#v#vV#v:V l ``` t0r$,55V5pytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytE$$If!vh55#v#v:V l t0655ytEh$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" h$$If!vh55#v#v:Vl tx$655ayt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" c$$If!vh55!#v#v!:Vl t655!yt" $$Ifl!vh558585T#v#v8#vT:Vl t$65585Talyt" $$Ifl!vh558585T#v#v8#vT:Vl t$65585Talyt" $$Ifl!vh558585T#v#v8#vT:Vl t$65585Talyt" $$Ifl!vh558585T#v#v8#vT:Vl t$65585Talyt" $$Ifl!vh558585T#v#v8#vT:Vl t$65585Talyt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ /  / 4 a yt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ / / /  4 a yt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ / / /  4 a yt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ / / /  4 a yt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ / / /  4 a yt" $$If!vh5<5T#v<#vT:V $65<5T/ / / /  4 a yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl t$585/ alyt" {kdG$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8 t0$LLLL44 lalyt" \$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t($585/ alp(yt" kdK$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8  t(0$LLLL44 lalp(yt" \$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t($585/ alp(yt" kd9Q$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8  t(0$LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  tF$585/ alpFyt" kduV$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8  tF0$LLLL44 lalpFyt" N$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t֖$585/ alp֖yt" kd5\$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8  t֖0$LLLL44 lalp֖yt" N$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t֖$585/ alp֖yt" kdUc$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8  t֖0$LLLL44 lalp֖yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl & t־$585/ alp־yt" &kduj$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8 & t־0$LLLL44 lalp־yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl & t־$585/ alp־yt" &kdEr$$Ifl֦8 h 4 d0`, "$8 & t־0$LLLL44 lalp־yt" {$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK 4http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK nhttp://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK 0http://faostat.fao.org/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK 0http://www.gemstat.org/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK (http://gpcc.dwd.de/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" {$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK J../../../../../../Documents and Settings/Documents and Settings/akrofij/Local Settings/Documents and Settings/h_treidel/Local Settings/nitggast/Desktop/www.igrac.nl{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK Phttp://www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK bhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/01mgg04.html{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK Lhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK Nhttp://www.grid.unep.ch/data/index.phpDyK yK :http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK Xhttp://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation.html{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK yK vhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=2{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" {$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" DyK http://www.whymap.orgyK .http://www.whymap.org/{$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" {$$If!vh5 5p5#v #vp#v:Vl t%5 5p5ayt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$Ifl!vh555T5#v#v#vT#v:V l t0$555T5alyt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l t0655555 5 5 5 555g ņyt" kdZ$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6% t06LLLL44 lag ņyt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l  t0655555 5 5 5 555pyt" kd$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6%  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l  t0655555 5 5 5 555pyt" kd,$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6%  t06LLLL44 lapyt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l  t(0655555 5 5 5 555p(yt" kd֢$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6%  t(06LLLL44 lap(yt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l  t֠0655555 5 5 5 555p֠yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6%  t֠06LLLL44 lap֠yt" $$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l " t֪0655555 5 5 5 555p֪yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6% " t֪06LLLL44 lap֪yt" ,$$If!vh555555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v#v#v#v#v #v #v #v #v#v#v:V l $ tִ0655555 5 5 5 555pִyt" kd$$Ifl֦8 \ B^ !#6% $ tִ06LLLL44 lapִyt" ~$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$6,5d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" x$$Ifl!vh5d5d5d5d#vd#vd:Vl t$65d5dalyt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl tD%585/ alyt" {kd>$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8 t0D%LLLL44 lalyt" \$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t(D%585/ alp(yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  t(0D%LLLL44 lalp(yt" \$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t(D%585/ alp(yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  t(0D%LLLL44 lalp(yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  tFD%585/ alpFyt" kd0$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  tF0D%LLLL44 lalpFyt" 6$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  tւD%585/ alp֖yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  tւ0D%LLLL44 lalp֖yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  tnD%585/ alpnyt" vkd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  tn0D%LLLL44 lalpnyt" "$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  tւD%585/ alpւyt" kdP$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  tւ0D%LLLL44 lalpւyt" d$$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl  t֠D%585/ alp֠yt" kd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8  t֠0D%LLLL44 lalp֠yt" $$Ifl!vh5855555555 5 5 5 5 5 55555#v8#v:Vl & t־D%585alp־yt" &kdd$$Ifl֦8 f <j@!n#D%8 & t־0D%LLLL44 lalp־yt" x$$Ifl!vh5555#v#v:Vl t$655alyt" x$$Ifl!vh5555#v#v:Vl t$655alyt" x$$Ifl!vh5555#v#v:Vl t$655alyt" x$$Ifl!vh5555#v#v:Vl t$655alyt" h$$Ifl!vh55#v#v:Vl 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