ࡱ> %'"#$'` Ubjbj{P{P 8Z::""jKjKjK8K>L$"{ nMNOOOOOOʢ̢̢̢̢̢̢$hE5dOO5d5dOO5agagag5dOOʢQg5dʢagagBvObM $jKd~^"FK0{SfDvvOV?g[}_OOO)gOOO{5d5d5d5d"""5&;D"""&;""" INTER-ICG TASK TEAM ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND PREPAREDNESS REPORT To the Third Meeting of the Working Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards related to Sea Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG) 5-6 May 2010, Lisbon, Portugal INTRODUCTION  The imperative need to develop preparedness has been stemmed far before the Indian Ocean tsunami catastrophe in 2004. Some communities with strong relations with their past disaster histories proved this argument and were prepared, but the culture of preparedness in many areas throughout the globe may not be embedded as adequately as it should be. Initiatives have intensified after major tsunami events such as the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 and now Chile tsunami event in 2010, and continue to build our collective best practices globally over the past 60 years on how to mitigate tsunamis. As documented in the Five Years after the tsunami in the Indian Ocean: From Strategy to Implementation (2009), further mitigation effort took place, as a meeting in July 2005 approved the establishment of three tsunami warning systems; the Indian Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and North Eastern Atlantic, in addition to the existing Pacific Ocean system established in 1965. A Tsunami Warning System issues timely and clear warnings for its area of operation and exchanges these data and information with other national and international centers; national centers are then responsible for warning their coastal communities. Identifying and mitigating the hazards posed by local and distant tsunamis involves a fully integrated end-to-end warning system comprising three key components: hazard detection and forecasting; threat evaluation and alert dissemination; and community preparedness and response. These new systems are expected to provide global coverage to protect coastal populations. The Twenty-Third Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the Pacific (ICG/PTWS) was held in Apia, Samoa, 16(18 February 2009). The ICG adopted the PTWS Medium-term Strategy and four new PTWS Working Group structure and reviewed the progress on the PTWS Implementation Plan. The PTWS Medium-term Strategy is based on three pillars: (i) Risk Assessment and Reduction that is, hazard and risk identification and risk reduction; (ii) Detection, Warning and Dissemination rapid detection and warning dissemination down to the last mile, addressing the requirements of local/national, regional and ocean-wide warning systems; and (iii) Awareness and Response public education, emergency planning and response. These are underpinned by the following basic elements: Interoperability, which means free, open and functional exchange of tsunami information; Research to improve and enhance understanding and improve technologies and techniques; Capacity-building including training and technology transfer; and, in particular, Funding and Sustainability to provide adequate resources to sustain an effective PTWS. The Inter-government Coordinating Group of the Indian Ocean Countries had agreed to develop a comprehensive architecture of its regional tsunami warning system. During the 4th annual Session of the ICG/IOTWS in Mombasa, South Africa, an additional of Working Group 6 was adopted, to the existing other 5 groups, which included seismic monitoring, modeling and forecasts, risk assessment, and system interoperability. During the 7th Session of ICG/IOTWS, the restructuring of its working group was adopted, into three pillars, almost similar as to the ICG/PTWC; Risk Assessment and Reduction, Detection and Warning Dissemination, and Preparedness and Response. The first session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas took place in Rome, 21-22 November 2005. The meeting confirmed that a European-North African TWS is urgently needed as the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean, is the second largest source of tsunamis around the globe. The Fourth Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Coordination Group for Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (ICG/CARIBE-EWS-IV) took place in Fort de France, Martinique, 24 June 2009), hosted by France. Under its development the system was structured in four working groups. These are monitoring and detection systems, warning guidance; tsunami and coastal hazard inundation hazard risk assessment and research; warning, dissemination and communications and preparedness, readiness and resilience. It was highlighted that there are critical requirements for readiness, given that tsunamis in this region were infrequent events. The IOC XXV Assembly adopted Resolution XXV-13 in 2009, which decided to establish an Inter-ICG Task Team on Sea Level for Tsunami Purposes, Task Team on Disaster Management and Preparedness, and to establish an Inter-ICG Task Team on Tsunami Watch Operations. The establishment of these task teams was to meet the need for and the benefit from enhanced coordination, common requirements, and exchange knowledge and information among the ICGs. THE TASK TEAM ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND PREPAREDNESS Chairpersons of ICG/CARIBE-EWS, ICG/IOTWS, ICG/NEAMTWS, and ICG/PTWS were invited to nominate task team members to the TOWS Working Group. A chair for this task team was also appointed, with secretariat support from the IOC UNESCO. The team composed as follow: IOTWS Irina Rafliana (Indonesia) - Chair IOTWS Sam Hettiarachchi (Sri Lanka) PTWS David Coetzee (CDEM, NZ) PTWS Laura Kong (ITIC) CARIBE-EWS Stacey Edwards (Seismic Research Unit/UWI) CARIBE-EWS Julie Leonard (USA) NEAMTWS Russel Arthurton (United Kingdom) NEAMTWS Stefano Tinti (Italy) Task Team Secretariat: Bernardo Aliaga (UNESCO-IOC) TERMS OF REFERENCES The Inter ICG Task Team based on the relevant working groups within the ICGs, shall: Facilitate in collaboration with organization such as UN/ISDR, the exchange of experiences and information on preparedness actions, education/awareness raising campaigns and other matters related to disaster management and preparedness Elaborate proposals for a global or regional tsunami awareness day, possibly connected to the International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction (8 October) Promote preparedness in coastal communities through education and awareness products and campaigns Replicate preparedness programs and assessment tools that have been successful in one regional Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in the others as appropriate Provide a report to the TOWS WG in advance of its third meeting, in 2010 ACHIEVEMENTS WG 3 ICG/PTWS summary report OVERVIEW Working Group 3 (Awareness and Response) of the ICG/PTWS was formed at the ICG meeting of the PTWS in Samoa in February 2009. The member state nominations to the Working Group were received from the Secretariat (Paris) in November 2009. Nominations were received from: New Zealand (Chair of WG) Japan China The ITIC is a default member of the WG. Due to the late receipt of the WG nominations as well as the unforeseen pressures brought about by the Samoa and Chile tsunami events, the activities of the working group have been limited to date and mainly focused on stock- take of resources and ITIC led activities. (The relatively low number of nominations will be discussed at the Steering Committee meeting of the ICG in August 2010- another call for nominations may be appropriate). The WG possesses over a wealth of information that can be shared among member states. The stock take of available resources among member states is intended to be completed by the fourth quarter of 2010. In the mean time the following provides an impression of currently known resources. Under the Working Group 2 (Detection, Warning, and Dissemination) of the ICG/PTWS, several Task Teams exist that are relevant to disaster management. These are the Task Teams on PTWS Exercises and Task Team on Pacific Emergency Communications. Starting in 2006, the PTWS has conducted bi-annual Pacific-wide exercises to enable countries of the Pacific to prepare for the next tsunami. Exercise Pacific Wave 2006 and 2008 have enabled countries to test and practice their communications systems for receiving and transmitting tsunami alerts in order to improve their preparedness for the next tsunami; tne next exercise is planned for 2010 or 2011. The Task Team on Pacific Emergency Communications has been asked to take stock of existing communications technologies and mediums globally, examine gaps, and explore ways and means to improve timely and widespread alerting in the Pacific. PTWS RESOURCES ITIC Resources: The International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC) is the core tsunami education and research information capacity within the PTWS. The ITICs resources are also available to other regional systems and it is assisting in the development and implementation of tsunami warning and mitigation systems globally. The ITIC is a partnership of UNESCO/IOC and US NOAA, established in1965, to support the needs of the PTWS and other ICGs globally for building new and strengthening their existing national and sub-regional warning and mitigation systems. The ITIC information and educational resources are extensive and too many to list here. It can be found at: HYPERLINK "http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/"http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/ (www.tsunamiwave.info) New Zealand Resources: The Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (MCDEM) in New Zealand embarked on a Tsunami Risk Management Programme in 2008. The programme is focused on all elements of tsunami warning and response. To date it has delivered the following outcomes: A tsunami signage standard for NZ Tsunami evacuation zone guidelines for local authorities Mass evacuation planning guidelines An assessment of public alerting options, as well as social research into successful public alerting Formal arrangements with public broadcasters for the broadcast of emergency announcements during tsunami warnings Publication of a public education brochure to enhance consistent public information A public advertising campaign Enhancements to the official NZ tsunami warning system and warning information contents Development of a National Tsunami Advisory and Warning Plan These can be found at: HYPERLINK "http://www.civildefence.co.nz"www.civildefence.co.nz The programme also invested in extensive tsunami source modeling by GNS Science (New Zealand) to support warning information. The modeling will be completed in 2010. A separate project focused on the installation of a real time sea level monitoring network along the NZ coast and off-shore islands. The MCDEM Whats the Plan Stan project (a civil defence programme for schools) contains tsunami specific material that can be found on: HYPERLINK "http://www.whatstheplanstan.govt.nz/"www.whatstheplanstan.govt.nz/ Information for the public is contained on MCDEMs Get Ready Get Thru website (translated into eight foreign languages): HYPERLINK "http://www.getthru.govt.nz/"www.getthru.govt.nz/ The Get Ready Get Thru programme also consists of a range of TV advertisements. Specific tsunami advertisements are being developed for the New Zealand Disaster Awareness week in October 2010. United States of America Resources: The US National Tsunami Mitigation Program, HYPERLINK "http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/"http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/, provides the overarching program for US states and coastal communities to undertake tsunami preparedness. It is a coordinated national effort to assess tsunami threat, prepare community response, issue timely and effective warnings, and mitigate damage. The NTHMP is a partnership between NOAA, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the 29 U.S. Coastal States Territories, and Commonwealths. The US National Weather Service (NOAA) maintains a range of brochures, videos and other public education material on its TsunamiReady website: HYPERLINK "http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/"http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/ Many countries around the world have adapted foundational elements of TsunamiReady for implementation in their own country. The FEMA for Kids website contains tsunami specific information for children: HYPERLINK "http://www.fema.gov/kids/tsunami.htm"http://www.fema.gov/kids/tsunami.htm Australia Resources: Information about the nature of tsunami aimed at the public is contained on the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centres web page: HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/index.shtml"http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/index.shtml Emergency Management Australia (EMA) hosts a vast range of tsunami awareness brochures and information sheets (translated into ten foreign languages) on its website: HYPERLINK "http://www.ema.gov.au/www/emaweb/emaweb.nsf/Page/Publications_AustralianTsunamiWarningSystemPublications"http://www.ema.gov.au/www/emaweb/emaweb.nsf/Page/Publications_AustralianTsunamiWarningSystemPublications EMA also developed a Tsunami Awareness Show for schools and a Tsunami Community Education Kit for Aboriginal Australians in Remote Coastal Communities (information on the above website) Indonesia Resources: Indonesia, after the 26 December 2004 tsunami, has developed many useful awareness and preparedness materials (mainly in Indonesia, but also in English). The government lead is provided by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), HYPERLINK "http://www.lipi.go.id/"http://www.lipi.go.id/ The Indonesia Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Bureau serves as the National Tsunami Warning Center, HYPERLINK "http://www.bmkg.go.id/"www.bmkg.go.id/, and additionally conducts tsunami outreach with national, provincial, and local partners. The UNESCO IOC Jakarta Tsunami Information Center, HYPERLINK "http://www.jtic.org/"http://www.jtic.org/, supports many Indonesia efforts, and has worked with partners to develop several excellent brochures, and to translate many ITIC materials into Indonesian. Other PTWS Country Resources: Most PTWS countries have developed their own preparedness materials to support their tsunami outreach programs. Education and awareness materials have been adapted from ITIC and other country examples. In turn, ITIC has shared, translated, and/or adapted the many excellent country resources with other PTWS countries and globally. In addition to the above resources, these include materials from Canada, Chile, China, Ecuador, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, and Tonga. Regional organizations have supported the development and distribution of materials; these are SOPAC (Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission, HYPERLINK "http://www.sopac.org/"http://www.sopac.org/, for Pacific Islands), CEPREDENAC (Centro de Coordinacin de la Prevencin de Desastres Naturales en Amrica Central, HYPERLINK "http://www.sica.int/cepredenac/"http://www.sica.int/cepredenac/, for Central America), and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations, HYPERLINK "http://www.aseansec.org/"http://www.aseansec.org/, for Southeast Asia). PTWS ACTIVITIES ITIC Training The ITIC hosted and delivered training in Hawaii (called ITP-Hawaii) to 16 NWC and NDO staff of mostly South West Pacific member states in August/September 2009. Participants from El Salvador, Malaysia, and Micronesia also attended. The training was co-sponsored by ITIC, USA and New Zealand and was in response to a request for training by the South West Pacific WG of the ICG/PTWS. Emphasis was placed on best practices of end-to-end tsunami warning systems, and the development of standard operating procedures for responding to tsunamis. The PTWC, emergency management / civil defense agencies, and preparedness activities of Hawaii were used as examples that partcipants could take home to improve their own systems. The ITP-International (in-country training), the ITIC has conducted several trainings in PTWS countries. The IOC with ITIC taking a lead conducted training on tsunami warning and emergency response standard operating procedures in several PTWS countries in 2008-2009. These consisted of 3 missions each to the Philippines and Vietnam; trainers were from IOC, New Zealand, PTWC, and the USA. A South China Sea regional training on tsunami warning operations is planned in 2010 with trainers from Indonesia, IOC, and PTWC. The ITIC and PTWC conducted tsunami outreach in 2009 to Samoa and Tonga, and will visit Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji in 2010. ITIC training agendas can be found at HYPERLINK "http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/categories.php?category_no=161"http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/categories.php?category_no=161 CONCLUSION As the oldest of the regional warning systems and based on the above background, there clearly are significant resources and experience in existence within the PTWS that can be applied on a wider scale in the area of tsunami related disaster management, response, and preparedness. From the last two destructive tsunamis, which were local, the number one lesson learned is that pre-event education, awareness, and preparedness works and will save lives. It must be an activity that is committed to be all stakeholders, and it needs to be sustained and carried out forever since we dont know when the next tsunami will occur. On the technical side, the lesson learned is that early alerting is only as successful if its communication system. That system must always work and must efficiently and rapidly, and ubiquitously alert communities and then finally every person on tsunami-vulnerable beaches. For these events, each country was hampered by problems and challenges. As such, the PTWS Task Team on Emergency Communications will be a key contributor for identifying and providing best practice guidance to countries. The PTWS Task Team on Exercises will be organizing Exercise Pacific Wave 2010 (or 2011) to further encourage national tsunami warning and disaster management agencies to prepare. Working Group 3 of the ICG/PWS welcomes the opportunity to share its resources and experience with those of other regional ICGs in order to meet the objectives of TOWS Task Team 2. We foresee the need for a meeting of the Task team 2 nominees in order to develop and agree a work plan and the possible creation and assignment of sub-task teams based on specific topics under the terms of reference. David Coetzee Chair: WG3- ICG/PTWS HYPERLINK "mailto:David.Coetzee@dia.govt.nz"David.Coetzee@dia.govt.nz Laura Kong ITIC HYPERLINK "mailto:l.kong@unesco.org"l.kong@unesco.org, HYPERLINK "mailto:laura.kong@noaa.gov"laura.kong@noaa.gov May 2010 WG 3 ICG/IOTWS summary report A Glimpse over the Member States Implementation Plan Update Member states of the Indian Ocean TWS had demonstrated their increasing capacities in the area of community preparedness, emergency response and mitigation. The group circulated countries implementation plan update, and the data collected had shown a wide variety of capacities as well as gaps. Countries such as Srilanka, Indonesia and Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh had made progressive efforts in their preparedness initiatives, with growing political support from their government, as well as resources from international agencies. Seychelles also had demonstrated their efforts in establishing school safety and community resilience programs. Thailand is working on national policy support for their disaster risk reduction initiatives, with particular experiences in developing their coastal community resilience. Other countries such as Yemen had very few initiatives, and called for continuous support to the state for their increased capacities in risk assessments. Timor Leste is among the least supported member states with very limited commencing initiatives. Regional Workshop on Standard Operational Procedures for Disaster Management Offices It was clear, that there are impending issues and unmet gaps related to standard operating procedures in receiving and forwarding timely warning, and also timely reaction by authorized agencies and multi-stakeholder at national and local level, down to community. Workshop on SOP for Disaster Management Offices was conducted in August 2009, following the latest intersession meeting. Indonesias shared lessons in understanding the warning chain, and development of local SOPs being integrated part of the end-to-end Indonesian tsunami warning system. Harald Spahn-GTZ IS also contributed their experiences working in the last mile of the InaTWS. Participating member states were engaged in this in depth discussion, resulting better understanding of different settings in different countries, and different interpretations of their warning chains to allow authorized warning messages gets to the people at risk, in time. Indian Ocean Wave Exercise 2009 To test the standing status of operational procedures in warning dissemination and emergency response, most of the member states National Disaster Management Offices was also engaged in the first ever Indian Ocean Wave Exercise, October 2009. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Singapore, Tanzania and Thailand was among member states who engaged local/district authorities decision making. Indonesia, Pakistan, Kenya are among the member states who involved public evacuation during the exercise. Some other countries like India decide to dry run their SOP altering public evacuation to table top simulation at National Tsunami Warning Centers to the Disaster Management Offices. Most of the engaged member states had involved media to disseminate the warning exercised in this IO Wave 09. The public media among others are national and local radios, TV announcements, Public Announcements, SMS and siren systems. Tsunami Risk Assessment: Knowing Risks and What Working Group 6 Can Do About It On a longer run, there is also call for capacity enhancement for tsunami risk assessments by member states, taking into account the existing guideline produced by Working Group 3: Risk Assessment: Knowing Your Risks and What to do About It, endorsed by the ICG/IOTWS in Hyderabad 2008, supported by UNDP RCB. This would also be particularly important, to allow government at national and local level engage with their scientific institutions to develop risk profiles, and translate the profile into public policies and practices in preparedness and mitigation. A regional workshop cum training for particular issue was conducted in Bangkok, November 2009 under the coordination of Chair Working Group 1, Professor Sam Hettiarachchi, and Russell Arthurton, who is also the Chair of Community Prepredness Working Group for ICG/NEAMS TWS. Chair of Working Group 3 had the opportunity to deliver lecture on community preparedness and hands-on training in developing evacuation maps, derived from the hazards, vulnerability and capacity profiles which was notionally developed by participants. Participants from 14 countries, representing disaster management officers, research institutions and universities as well as national meteorological agencies were pleased with the overall approaches introduced and the assistances given to better understand the relations of risk assessments, preparedness, mitigation and policy making. Developing Compilation Document on Good Practices Understanding that the important elements of emergency response and preparedness are needed in most countries, and some member states have done their outstanding initiatives, the Working Group agreed to produce a working document compiling lessons and experiences on community preparedness. The document, Preparing the Last Mile of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System, was collaboratively compiled all necessary information from eminent authors and member states. The work is lead by Amir Mohyouddin, Director of Director Mitigation and Preparedness, National Disaster Management Authority, Pakistan. Chair of Working Group 3 and Frank Thomalla (Macquarie University Australia) contribute as co-editors. The Role of JTIC Jakarta Tsunami Information Center is expected to play bolder roles in the near future, in facilitating disaster awareness, education and preparedness under the context of tsunami warning system development in Indian Ocean countries. JTIC had supported Indonesia, through the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, with related stakeholders including Disaster Management Offices, universities and local government to establish school-based preparedness model. Existing excellent materials on tsunamis produced by ITIC was also reprinted and translated in Bahasa Indonesia, publicly distributed. JTIC also initiated a regional program of exchanging assessment tools and education depositories in four countries, namely Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Timor Leste, commencing in 2010. The depositories will fill gaps in sharing and disseminating different educational tools exists, and putting them into related local context. JTIC together with ICG/IOTWS secretariat also have experiences in facilitating series of SOP workshops at different countries, such as Myanmar and Pakistan. Gaps and Deficiencies (Taken from Intersession meeting reports, Regional SOP for DMO report, Regional Risk Assessment Seminar and Training Report and Steering Committee Meeting Report) The Working Group 3 is still scarce in resources and funding to continue developing the Compilation Document. Close collaboration was already made among editors and authors, with support from the ICG IOTWS Secretariat. Funding to edit, produce and distribute the document is also proposed. The Working Group 3 intend to continue supporting concurrent work of Working Group 1 (Risk Assessment and Reduction) in making use of UNESCO document on risk assessment Knowing Your Risk, and What to do About it, by having a joint collaboration of national workshop cum training for two dedicated cases: Srilanka and Indonesia in 2010. Gaps was identified during the regional Seminar Cum Training in Bangkok, November 2009, whereas scientific institutions had not sufficiently communicate and help Disaster Management Officers at all levels to make their decisions based on a sound risks profiles, using existing, participatory and user-friendly assessment tools. The translations of such products are varied, from development of evacuation plans and maps, SOPs (Standard Operational Procedures), generating scenarios for community and local authorities capacity enhancements, as well as educational materials and signage. The dedicated study cases in these two countries will help the Working Group to seek adaptable mechanism in bridging science to policy and public. The group foresees the need for stronger collaboration with Working Group 2 (Detection and Warning Dissemination), and allows local government and disaster management officials, including media to be aware and educated with the products of RTWPs, NTWCs and IAS. This is particularly important, since the experiences in Padang September 2009 earthquake had confused media with different warning products from PTWC and NTWC. Engagement of media in this perspective is also crucial, with Working Group 5 leading the substantial issues in communicating standing operation procedures at NTWCs and RTWPs and how the group would expect their SOP being linked to DMOs and media, down to public. Working Group 6 propose to arrange a regional media workshop with Working Group 5, discussing their engagements in the effective communication and official tsunami warning Observing the lack of preparation at the last mile of the IOTWS during the Indian Ocean Wave Exercise, and different achievement indicators developed by member states who involved local disaster management officers and public, as well as media, it became difficult to measure the leaps and progresses made by all countries and to draw comparative analysis from this regional event. The Working Group 6 will continue supporting the upcoming Indian Ocean Wave Exercise, and will contribute to designing performance indicators, under the coordination of Working Group 5. The working Group 3 had exchanged communication with Working 4 of ICG-NEAMS particularly working on disaster management and community preparedness issues. It was jointly agreed to have a mutual collaboration to exchange experiences, good practices and existing tools and guidelines. Many global issues related with preparedness on sea-related hazards may urge this collaboration to continued and nurtured, also with other ICGs. Representing the ICG, particularly Working Group 3 at the Global Tsunami and Other Related Hazards Warning Systems (TOWS), Working Group 3 will take part of the Disaster Management and Community Preparedness Task Team. Goals for 2010 Time table is presented as follow: ActivitiesDescription201020112012Task Teams & Task Team Leader Update on MS progresses in warning dissemination & Emergency ResponsesAnnual country report x x XChair WG 3Develop and produce and disseminate: Document on Lessons learnt for the Last Mile of the IOTWS Preparing the Last Mile of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning SystemGood Practices Compilation, endorsed as ICG/IOTWS product. The use of this document will be made available for capacity building & trainings in Community Preparedness involving IO countries  x xAmir Mohyouddin - PakistanCapacity enhancements in making use of the lessons learnt and good practices for community preparedness and emergency responseSupport for institutional capacity development e.g.: Workshops, seminars, exchange programs, support for human resources capacity development e.g.: higher education & trainings x x xTo be definedJoint collaboration with WG 1 on capacity enhancements in Risk Assessment & Hazard MitigationAwareness and education, also pilot cases in developing & implementing risk assessments for better preparedness & mitigation x To be definedJoint collaboration with WG 2 on capacity enhancement in developing SOP for warning dissemination, and TWS exercisesAwareness and education in the warning services provided by RTWPs and NTWCs, tests on the awareness and preparedness of MS in using the services, supported by appropriate SOPs  xTo be definedJoint collaboration with WG 2 on capacity enhancement for media engagement in warning disseminationAwareness and education in media engagement related with warning dissemination xTo be definedJoint collaboration with Working Groups of other ICGs and other related regional groupsForms of capacity enhancements, e.g. seminars, trainings, workshops, exchange programs, and involvement in the global Inter-ICG TOWS meeting x x xTo be defined Action Plan Summary The overall goals of the action plan for 2010, is to immediately address gaps and deficiencies defined during the last two years of Working Group 3 works. It is also important for the group to accomplish most realistic plan, due to limited resources allocation in this last mile of warning system. The group should address diverged capacities of member states, and how to fill gaps using profuse experiences and expertise from advanced states to scarce-resourced states in the area of community preparedness. The Working Group 3 had request the ICG to endorse and continue its action plan for short and mid-term, prior ICG 8th, and also to call for support from related international agencies and donors, including for funding the activities. Working Group 6 also requests the ICG to encourage all member states to jointly realizing the action plan. In relation to the working group restructuring, the group should also work in close collaboration with other groups, and other ICGs to boost better interaction and working integration, under designated task teams. Irina Rafliana Chair: WG3- ICG/IOTWS HYPERLINK "mailto:irina_rafliana@hotmail.com"irina_rafliana@hotmail.com With Sam Hettiarachchi Chair: WG1-ICG/IOTWS WG 3 ICG/NEAMS summary report The WG has reviewed the options for NEAMTWS tsunami classification and nomenclature taking into account established practices used in other regions. Inclusion of Advisory, Mitigation and Public Awareness topic in ICGs Implementation Plan. Inclusion of this same topic in IOC Guidelines on Hazard Awareness and Risk Mitigation in ICAM (Integrated Coastal Area Management) which is now published (UNESCO, 2009); The IOC invited group of experts responsible for these Guidelines included representatives from all the TWS regions; also linkage with ITIC. At its last (Istanbul, December 2009) meeting, the ICG reviewed the progress and future of its Working Group 4 (Advisory, Mitigation and Public Awareness). The ICG changed the title of this WG to Public Awareness, Preparedness and Mitigation (see ToR below). The Action Plan for 2009-2010 includes production of guidelines for risk assessment and management for NEAMTWS. Action Plan for 2009-2010 includes proposal for a stakeholder workshop for hotel owners in Portugal. Links with European Commission have been established in respect of the Floods Directive and with the unit dealing with Civil Protection. Action Plan for 2009-2010 includes strengthening these links. Through the ICGs Task Team 2 on Architecture, the WG has been involved with establishing a rational nomenclature and classification for tsunami messaging. New ToR for ICG/NEAMTWS WG 4: Public Awareness, Preparedness and Mitigation. The Working Group will advise on the assessment of vulnerab1lty and risk to communities in respect of tsunami events; on procedures for enhancing awareness of, and preparedness for, tsunami impacts 1nclud1ng evacuat1on plann1ng and education; on the receipt and interpretation of tsunami alert messages received from Regional Watch Centres by Tsunami Warn1ng Focal Po1nts and National Tsunami Warning Centres for issuance of warnings to threatened communities; and on the options in an ICAM context for the mitigation of risk to communities in respect of tsunami impacts. Additional relevant initiatives: Independent contribution by WG Chair to the IOTWS Working Group 3 (Risk Assessment) initiative on the production of guidelines Tsunami risk assessment and mitigation for the Indian Ocean Knowing your tsunami risk and what to do about it. Independent contribution by WG Chair to the IOTWS Working Group 3 Workshop on the Risk Assessment Guidelines, preparing a Workshop Manual including a GIS-based set of learning scenarios of tsunami inundation, dealing with exposure, community vulnerability and risk, deficiencies in preparedness, and the management of risks through preparedness and structural mitigation. Russell Arthurton HYPERLINK "mailto:r.arthurton@talktalk.net"r.arthurton@talktalk.net Joint Chair WG4 with Stefano Tinti 11 March 2010 WG 4 ICG/CARRIBE TWS summary report WG 4 ICG/NEAMS summary report The Working Group 4 ICG/CARIBE EWS had assigned plans to support Central and South America Member States as well as Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Cuba to participate SOP workshops. The group also seeks possibilities to invite representatives from adjacent areas as observers to these CDERA SOP workshops, with following financial support. This group also had requested the IOC Assembly to consider designating an annual Tsunami Awareness Day/Week by region or country. By having such experiences, the member states were encouraged to designate a Tsunami Ready model community, taking Mayaguez, Puerto Rico as example. There are request confirmations from the government of Barbados as to its position regarding the status of its offer to host the Caribbean Tsunami Information Center. Requests were also made from the Government of Venezuela as to its position regarding the status of its offer to support CTIC function, particularly to disseminate products and services in Spanish A meeting of expert on preparedness, readiness and resilience at the community level for tsunami and other coastal hazards was agreed to be put up in Panama, July 2008. Several of WG 4 recommendations were adopted in the ICG/CARIBE EWS Implementation Plan Julie Leonard Chair WG 4 ICG/CARRIBE TWS LESSONS LEARNT TO IDENTIFY GAPS AND DEFICIENCIES Padang Earthquake event 2009 (GTZ-IS Working Document No.25, Hoppe, M., Mahardiko, H.S., 2010) The earthquake in West Sumatra on 30 September 2009 killed more than 1,000 people and injured many more. Fortunately, the earthquake did not cause a destructive tsunami. The National Tsunami Warning Centre (NTWC) under the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) in Jakarta had issued earthquake information with no tsunami warning. However, the strong tremor caused widespread panic and fear of a tsunami among the people of Padang. About six weeks after the earthquake, GTZ IS-GITEWS conducted field research in Padang to find out community reaction shortly after the earthquake. The study focused on the first 30 minutes after the tremor, which is the worst case scenario on estimated arrival time of tsunami waves at Padang coast originating from local earthquake. Findings from this study were taken from 200 residents in Padang City, interviewed by GTZ. This had given a brief illustration on the response effectiveness during a real earthquake event. Half of the interviewee evacuated low-lying coastal areas in relatively short time (15 minutes after the tremor, 83% of them had left). A vast majority did not receive official information, whether there is tsunami or not during the first minutes, and this reflect suggestions to better warning dissemination arrangements to fit Padangs current technological, physical and social infrastructures. Through the overall campaign programs conducted by local government and Kogami (local NGO on tsunami preparedness) since 2006, with particular message is to avoid escaping to safe ground using vehicles, it was evident during 2009 earthquake that public still use cars and motorbikes to evacuate, or seek their families, and resulted massive traffic congestions. It was also argued, that the suggested evacuation routes are not sufficient to channel the masses. It was also apparent that vertical evacuation was not a prioritized option. On the other hand, public puts high trust to its local government, Recommendations were made, among others to increase publics knowledge on warning system, including how and to what extend can the system serve them. Knowledge on natural warnings and signs plays significant role to help community make better decisions, if the warning information cannot reach them in time. The community preparedness assessment conducted in Padang 2006, showed relatively high level of knowledge, and this become the strong point for awareness raising efforts and strategy in Padang. With adequate knowledge and positive attitude, further step to design and improve proper reaction and emergency response plan will be better acknowledged. 29 September 2009 South Pacific Tsunami Event: Reported by WG 3 ICG/PTWS - ITIC The 29 September 2009 M7.9 earthquake generated a tsunami that caused deaths and casualties in Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga, and damage in Wallis and Fortuna. Strong shaking was felt for a period of at least 60 s with some eyewitnesses reporting more than two minutes. The tsunami arrived 10-20 min after earthquake shaking stopped in Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga, and caused deaths in Samoa (149), Am Samoa (34), and Tonga (9). Maximum run-ups of 16-17+ m were measured in all three countries. Extensive coastal damage to structures and marine / coral reef, and lagoon ecosystems occurred. The international alert system (PTWC) provided its first messages (preliminary earthquake observatory message) 11 minutes after the earthquake and an official warning 16 min after the earthquake. In order to improve on the timeliness of alerting, improvements in seismic networks are required, and these have been progressing actively for the Southwest Pacific since 2007. However, through numerous PTWS working groups over the last decade and other workshops and trainings by ITIC and PTWS countries, it is well-known that for local tsunamis, education, awareness, preparedness before the event and heeding of natural warnings when it does occur are the most important activities for saving lives. In other words, no one should be wait for an official alert to evacuate. Rather, if they are living near the coast and a strong earthquake occurs and/or unusual/abnormal sea level activities are seen or load roars are heard, everyone should go to higher ground and inland immediately! This was clearly demonstrated in American Samoa and Samoa, where both countries had actively engaged in pre-event awareness and education. For last decade, this has been carried out continuously in American Samoa and September 2009 was American Samoa Disaster Preparedness month. Additionally, the Pacific Wave 2006 and 2008 helped to prepare countries, their agencies, and their peoples for the next tsunami. Factors which helped to reduce vulnerability for this event were the time of day (many were already awake, but not on the road and the work day had not started), generally limited earthquake damage which reduced injuries and damage to transportation infrastructure, relative closeness and availability of high ground, pre-event plans (such as school evacuation plans in American Samoa) and school and community drills (National Drill in 2007 and 2008 in Samoa). The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and more recently, the 19 March earthquake off Tonga, also served as reminders of what tsunamis can do, and how warning and response agencies need to coordinate and respond. Today, the countries are working on recovery issues, and improving their early warning and alert systems, especially in hardening the communications infrastructures critical for providing information on warning and evacuation. Both traditional methods of alerting (bells), and modern media (sirens, mobile phone alerting, radio/TV broadcast), are being strengthened. In addition, at the community and village levels, education and preparedness continues such as the development and/or clarification of evacuation maps and routes to safe areas. As the countries build back, they are doing so in ways which acknowledge and recognize that traditional building practices (open fales) survived well. Post Tsunami Surveys Over last five years, there have been 58 measured tsunamis, with eight causing deaths, most notably 26 Dec 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (230,000 lives). In the Pacific, tsunami occurred in April 2007 (Solomon: 54 deaths, Chile: 3 deaths), September 2009 (Samoa 149, Am Samoa 34, and Tonga 9 deaths), and February 2010 (Chile ~300). After each tsunami, data were collected to quantify physical, environmental, and human impacts, response/recovery, improve numerical models, and engineering. Tsunami disasters attract a large number of local, national, international professionals to investigate scientific, economic, social impacts. Some of these data are perishable making it essential to collect quickly. Important data may also be desirable from locations that are logistically difficult to assess without local assistance and access. At the same time, Emergency Agencies are focusing on public safety, critical support lifelines and infrastructure, resource mobilization to meet its citizens immediate post-event emergency response needs. Elected officials and the media must have accurate summaries of the tsunami impact to report to the public. To support all efforts, coordination and cooperation is critical, and efficient and useful data and information sharing is paramount. If data from science teams are made available, it will immediately contribute to better informed and ultimately, more practical and efficient response and recovery decision-making. The recent tsunami disasters in the Pacific gathered many international scientists to conduct post-tsunami surveys. In past, ITST surveys were single-discipline efforts, conducted individually with moderate government coordination that left the country with a large integration from many scientific papers and no one coherent study that was immediately available. In Samoa and Chile, UNESCO, with ITIC assistance, coordinated international post-tsunami surveys with data and findings immediately made available to the government. International Tsunami Survey Team - Samoa The ITST-Samoa comprised (October 14-23) more than 60 scientists from seven counties, along with local expertise and participation from Government of Samoa scientists, Samoa Red Cross Society, and Samoa researchers, and non-government representatives. A coordination team consisted of the Government of Samoa (GoS), SOPAC, UNESCO Apia, SOPAC, University of South Pacific, and ITIC, and was led by a chief scientist from Australia. At the conclusion, the team provided a preliminary report of its multi-disciplinary, multi-sectoral findings to the GoS. Its success has set a benchmark for a coordinated ITST to support national early recovery efforts & tsunami research, and is a demonstration that working together can produce a much stronger and more valuable outcome than working alone. Strong principles of professional conduct, mutual respect, collaboration, partnership, and concern for affected community welfare were embedded in the ITST-Samoa work plan. Chile Tsunami Event 27 February 2010: Research Initiative made by WG 3 ICG/PTWS - ITST As of 27 April 2010, it is reported by the government that 486 have died, with 79 are still missing from the M8.8 earthquake and tsunami; it was estimated that up to 300 died from the tsunami itself. In spite of the great size of the earthquake, only a relatively small amount of earthquake damage occurred this is generally attributed to the strong earthquake building code which structures have been built to over the decades since the 1960 M9.5 Chilean earthquake. Similarly for the tsunami, while coastal residential dwellings were destroyed from tsunami waves, very few people lost their lives (compared to the potential vulnerable population, perhaps 100,000+ people) this is largely attributed to pre-event preparedness, awareness, and education. Elders who lived through the 1960 tsunami passed on their experience and wise advice to their children and grandchildren, and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and more recent earthquakes reminded everyone of the need to be aware and prepare. These efforts were led by the Chile Navys Hydrographic Service (SHOA), Chile disaster management agency (ONEMI), and universities and community organizations; inundation maps, hazard and evacuation signage, and awareness and education materials were distributed along the coasts. Without these efforts for the decades before, it is sure that many more would have perished. Factors that helped reduce vulnerability for this event were generally limited earthquake damage due to well-engineered structures, tsunami signage, tsunami-prepared police and fire responders who assisted in warning and evacuation, and a prepared and educated coastal public who also received training in schools and through in-community practice drills Factors that unfortunately increased the vulnerability were the time of day (many were sleeping so that the earthquake was their early warning), no or little tsunami hazard information at visitor facilities (such as campgrounds) to help uninformed/unaware tourists and workers, and the long duration of destructive tsunami waves (several to 4 hrs so people returned before the end). In the case of Constitucion, where nearly 200 died, inopportune timing was the principal cause of death (many were camping on an island at the river mouth with no evacuation method, and this was the night after a summer-ending fireworks celebration) Today, like in the South Pacific, Chile is working to strengthen their early warning systems, especially in hardening the communications infrastructures critical for providing information on warning and evacuation. Many are aware that the next tsunami will probably be to the north where there is already a long history of destructive tsunamis. Awareness and outreach campaigns in this region aim to further strengthen community preparedness. Again, the emphasis for local tsunamis is to ensure that everyone knows a tsunamis natural warning signs and then knows to immediately take action since the tsunami may attack coasts within 10-30 minutes after the earthquake. International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) Chile Building from concepts employed in post-earthquake technical clearinghouses, the ITST-Chile utilized a simplified implementation of a science/technical clearinghouse to provide a framework for central coordination, information sharing and integration of the data collected from the 2010 Chile tsunami. The ITST-Chile is a UNESCO/IOC effort at request of Government of Chile (GoC) to understand the character of the tsunami and its impact in both the near-source region, and to provide information on impacts to GoC to enable it to enhance their tsunami disaster risk management practice. An ITST-Chile Coordination Team, led by UNESCO Santiago and ITIC additionally scientists from Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Southern California, and the University of Chile, provided the organization and framework for the conduct of the international survey. Altogether, about 20+ international teams comprising more than 70 scientists from eight countries, complemented by Chilean teams and scientists, are expected to conduct tsunami surveys. Coordination meetings with UNESCO and Chilean scientists on ITST-Chile logistics, data sharing, and reporting were conducted. Data summaries are being shared through secure data repository administered by ITIC, and a public web site is hosted by ITIC at HYPERLINK "http://www.itst-chile.info"www.itst-chile.info. Other Research Initiatives A joint rapid research initiative is underway among the public and emergency responders to understand how both the public and emergency managers received and responded to warnings during the Chile tsunami event. The surveys are planned for Hawaii, the Pacific coast of mainland USA and New Zealand. Participants are Washington Sate Emergency Management, Natural Hazards Centre Boulder, University of Hawaii, East Tennessee State University, USGS and the Joint Centre for Disaster Research in New Zealand. The surveys will take on board the findings of another survey that was conducted in New Zealand following the Samoa tsunami event of 29 September 2009. Haitian Earthquake event 2010 (Courtesy of Comfort, K. Louise, et.al, Center for Disaster Management, GSPIA, Pittsburgh University, 2010) Series of research conducted by different agencies, including GSPIA, Pittsburgh University to identify local government disrupted capacities during the Haiti earthquake event. It was found that Haiti had no existing national disaster management plan and little awareness of seismic risks prior January 12, 2010. Estimation of 1.3 million people were displaced from homes, with 36,000 households remain without shelters (Huggins, 2010). Estimation of 80% schools affected during and after the event, while lack of education access already took place prior this destructive event, being costly, and largely taken over by private enterprises (Serrant, T. 2010). Some community-neighborhood school founding is sought through. Humanitarian services were largely provided by the UN clusters. Many challenges and unmet gaps were identified. With the long time span of possible future event, development priorities and investments on tsunami risks management including empowering community preparedness may derail and focuses shifts to the next upcoming global trends and themes. The current cases of earthquakes and tsunamis had effectively justified the need for better collaboration in addressing the issues mentioned. Meanwhile, the inadequate investments in research and sciences for tsunami risk reduction, as well as building preparedness and resilience are still the case, with many different directions and obstacles. ACTION PLAN The team had discussed through email communication and agrees to plan on the following pointers; Work through the TOR and stock take of existing resources. Provide ideas on how to best promote preparedness in coastal communities through education and awareness products and campaigns (TOR III), or for global or regional tsunami awareness day (TOR II). Preparation of an inventory for TOR IV: replicate preparedness programmes and assessment tools that have been successful in one regional Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in the others as appropriate; compile good practice examples of preparedness programmes and assessment tools that have been successful (TOR IV). Some overarching issues that the task team would like to raise, and relate with other tasks of the Global TOWS WG; Encourage capacity enhancements of member states, make use of training facilities, experts and experiences exchanges Ensure proper public & media understanding of different services/products from NTWCs and AIS, including the role of RTWPs Liaise with other task teams and working groups from other ICGs to ensure effective information sharing The team suggests to: Work through the TOR with each representative commenting on what information/initiatives their System already have covered, in other words a stock take of existing resources. Determine what existing information/initiatives require consolidation Determine what aspects under the TOR require development Allocate roles and responsibilities Determine process and time lines Get acquainted with each other The team suggests plans to be delivered by the Task Team to the TOWS-WG meeting Conduct face-to-face preparatory meeting pending to TOWS-WG 3 meeting, if possible. If not, divide roles and responsibilities and work through emails. The team suggests that report should be a preliminary compilation only, and provide a baseline for next efforts to be discussed in a face-to-face meeting in the 2nd semester 2010. REFERENCES Resolution XXV-13: Global Coordination of Early Warning and Mitigation Systems for Tsunamis and Other Sea-Level related Hazards; Annex B to Resolution XXV-13: Terms of Reference of the Inter-ICG Task Team on Disaster Management and Preparedness; Contribution of UNESCO/IOC to the Report of the Secretary General to the 65th Session of the General Assembly on Oceans and the Law of the Sea Executive Summary Report of the Sixth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (Hyderabad, India, 79 April 2009); Executive Summary Report of the Fourth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Warning System for IOC-XXV/3 prov. Annex II page 22 the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (Fort-de-France, Martinique, France, 24 June 2009); Executive Summary Report of the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas (Athens, Greece, 35 November 2008); Executive Summary Report of the Twenty-third Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Pacific Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (Apia, Samoa, 1618 February 2009); Summary Report of the 2nd meeting of the TOWS-WG (Paris, 27 March 2009) and the Initial Draft Strategy and Plan 20092010 for a GOHWMS Framework and implementation of TOWS-WG recommendations Tsunami News, IOC UNESCO, Issue No. 4, May 2009 Working Group 6 Inter Sessional Report: Preparedness, Emergency Response & Mitigation, ICG/IOTWS 2009 NEAMS WG 4 Summary Report to Task Team 2 TOWS WG on Disaster Management and Preparedness IOTWS WG 6 Summary Report to Task Team 2 TOWS WG on Disaster Management and Preparedness PTWS WG 3 Report to Task Team 2 TOWS WG on Disaster Management and Preparedness CO& )  % 9 < d i u J N O P R < ݸud[U[U[U hPz^JhhPz^J hhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hkuhPzCJOJQJ^JaJhPzCJOJQJaJhkuhPzCJOJQJaJ h}XhPzh}XhPz5OJQJ^JaJ h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ&h1(hPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJ#h1(hPz5CJOJQJ^JaJhPihPz5OJQJ^JaJCO P JKq$d7$8$H$a$gdPz $`a$gdPzPkd$$Ifl$h%  t 644 lap ytPz$ & F$Ifa$gdPz$a$gdPz$a$gdPz UU HIJKDI:@ķĂp\pJĂ#hqlhPzCJH*OJQJ^JaJ& *h_hPzCJH*OJQJ^JaJ# *h_hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hqlhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hm6hPzCJOJQJ^JaJhm6hPz^JhPzB*^Jphhm6hPzB*^JphhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hPz^JhqlhPz^JhPzCJOJQJ^JaJK"#$ & Fh$-DIfM ^ha$gdPz$d7$8$H$a$gdPz$a$gdPz$d7$8$H$`a$gdPz !#!#,9CI$!Al&3<=żᬚ}pɊcɊɊɊɊɊhPzhPz^JmH sH h(yhPz^JmHsHh(yhPz^JmHsHh(yhPz^J h}XhPz#h}XhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJh}XhPz5OJQJ^JaJhqlhPz^JhPz hPz^Jho[0hPz^Jh'$hPz^JhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hh#hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ%!B[ooooo & Fd7$8$H$gdPzd7$8$H$gdPz$a$gdPzhkdi$$Ifl$h% t0644 laytPz 456789:;<=RS$a$gdPz$a$gdPz$ & Fh-DM ^ha$gdPzd7$8$H$gdPzd7$8$H$^gdPz & Fd7$8$H$gdPz=QRS}"~""""""""""$$&e*f**-ȴϋ|ng]TKTEK]T hPz^Jh0hPz^JhxfhPz^JhxfhPz5^J hPz5^JhPzCJOJQJ^JaJhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJ#h^hPz5CJOJQJ^JaJ h}XhPzh}XhPz5OJQJ^JaJhKVhPz5OJQJ^JaJhPz hUn&hPz h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ#hPshPz5CJOJQJ^JaJhPz5OJQJ^JaJ .!!3"}"~""""""|p $^a$gdPz $ & Fa$gdPzPkd$$Ifl$h%  t 644 lap ytPz$ & Fh$If^ha$gdPz$a$gdPz $ & Fa$gdPz ""#####$%&e*f*u**,u--... /p/$ & F d^a$gdPz $8^8a$gdPz$ & F d^a$gdPz $^a$gdPz-->-?-@-\-]-t-u--0011+1,1-1C1D122,3-3.323B3K3L3M3333333344 444ݟwf hxfhPz0J6B*^JphhxfhPz0J5\^JjhPzUh0hPzB*]^JphhxfhPz0J\^JjhPzUj hPzUhxfhPz5^Jh0hPz^JhxfhPz^JhxfhPz0J^Jj]hPzUhPzjhPzU(p//60U0000E11q2M344K778V9k99R::;<<?^gdPz $^a$gdPz$ & F d^a$gdPz455B5C5D5]5^577 8 8 8-8.88888.9/909T9U9V9k999%:&:':P:Q:::m;n;o;;;;<<=====yj hPzU#hxfhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJjhPzUjhPzUhxfhPz5^JjhPzUh0hPz^Jj8hPzUhxfhPz0J^Jj{hPzUhPzjhPzUhxfhPz^J/===@>A>c>d>e>t>u>??&?'?(?•XŗǘȘ֘$$ & FV$If^V`a$gdPz $^a$gdPz$a$gdPz $ & F a$gdPz$%&HܣsaaQQQ$7$8$H$^a$gdPz$7$8$H$^a$gdPz $^a$gdPz$a$gdPzwkd$$Ifl""  t 0644 lalp ytPz&BCGJ[͚HIǛ!%<gnuۣܣ ,Ϥ;<BIbc˪yryyhyh0hPz\^J hPz\^JhxfhPz\^JhxfhPz^Jh0hPz^J hPz5^JhxfhPz5^JhghPz^JhWhPz^Jh#HhPz^J hPz^JhPz6OJQJh9,hPz6OJQJ h9,hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ#h9,hPz5CJOJQJ^JaJ(ܣ,cWlU':d+[Fa0$a$gdPz^gdPz $^a$gdPzWl:;LMST:d89*+Qd NU[a@`oqžŮ񝺒jkhPzUjhPzUhPz\]^JhxfhPz\]^JhPz h& hPzh& hPz5h0hPz^J hPz\^JhxfhPz\^JhxfhPz5^JhxfhPz^J hPz^J60LMhijVk°¢xxhVO:(hghPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH!sH! h}XhPz#h}XhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJh}XhPz5OJQJ^JaJhZSNhPz\]nHtHhPz\]nHtH h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ#h& hPz5CJOJQJ^JaJhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJh hPz^JhxfhPz5^JhxfhPz^JjhPzUhxfhPz0J^JNOghiGwkd,$$Ifl""  t 0644 lalp ytPz$ & FV$If^Va$gdPz $ 0*a$gdPz $8^8a$gdPz$a$gdPz $^a$gdPzUV[pq:$ & F 88^8a$gdPz & FdgdPz dgdPz $ & F a$gdPz $^a$gdPzkp1PQWY[w/=#nop׮׮pb[P[P[P[I hghPzhphPzmH!sH! hphPzhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hR_hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ(hghPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH .hghPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH (hghPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH!sH!&hghPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJ.hghPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH!sH! hghPzCJOJQJ^JaJp8:(*RSTs=>?DHPQdݺ̥ݍ|lZ#h}XhPz5CJOJQJ^JaJh}XhPz5OJQJ^JaJ h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ.hU_FhPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH!sH!(hU_FhPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH "hPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH!sH! hU_FhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ(hU_FhPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH!sH!hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ#:*TU?@$ & FV$If^V`a$gdPz $^a$gdPzgdPz & F 88^8gdPz$ & F 88^8a$gdPz $8^8a$gdPzEG[\vnnnnnnnnnn$a$gdPz$d7$8$H$a$gdPzwkd$$Iflh%h%  t 0h%644 lalp ytPz \ (2ilpr'(xz۷ۃoo^^^MMM h!QhPzCJOJQJ^JaJ h"/hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ&h1(hPz5CJOJQJ\^JaJ(hPzhPzCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ hbwThPzCJOJQJ^JaJ#hbwThPzCJOJQJ\^JaJ#h1(hPzCJOJQJ\^JaJ h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJh1(hPzB*^Jph h}XhPz\TU qr()yzTTUUUUUUU$If $$Ifa$$a$gdPzHaiti: Transition to Recovery Communication and Coordination, Comfort, K. 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J, Center for Disaster Management, GSPIA, Pittsburgh University, 2010 Haitian Earthquake, January 12, 2010 From Response to Recovery: Reconstructing and Redesigning the Haitian Education System, Serrant, T, 2010  PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 19 zTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUɾhPz h}XhPz5B*CJ aJ phO'hPzhPz5B*aJ mHnHphOu h}XhPzjh}XhPzUh! h1(hPzCJOJQJ^JaJ h!QhPzCJOJQJ^JaJhPzCJOJQJ^JaJUUUUUUUxkd$$Ifl0u$ t0644 la61hP:pPz/ =!"#$% g$$If!vh5h%#vh%:V l  t 65h%p ytPz$$If!vh5h%#vh%:V l t065h%/ ytPzg$$If!vh5h%#vh%:V l  t 65h%p ytPzDyK yK Rhttp://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Vhttp://www.civildefence.co.nz/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK bhttp://www.whatstheplanstan.govt.nz/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Phttp://www.getthru.govt.nz/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Lhttp://nthmp.tsunami.gov/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK \http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK bhttp://www.fema.gov/kids/tsunami.htmyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK lhttp://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/index.shtmlyX;H,]ą'c[DyK yK http://www.ema.gov.au/www/emaweb/emaweb.nsf/Page/Publications_AustralianTsunamiWarningSystemPublicationsyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Fhttp://www.lipi.go.id/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Fhttp://www.bmkg.go.id/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Bhttp://www.jtic.org/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Dhttp://www.sopac.org/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Xhttp://www.sica.int/cepredenac/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Jhttp://www.aseansec.org/yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/categories.php?category_no=161yX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Zmailto:David.Coetzee@dia.govt.nzyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Jmailto:l.kong@unesco.orgyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Nmailto:laura.kong@noaa.govyX;H,]ą'c$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPz$$If!vh5R 5 5v5v5v5<#vR #v #vv#v<:V l t0%65R 5 5v5<ytPzDyK yK \mailto:irina_rafliana@hotmail.comyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK Xmailto:r.arthurton@talktalk.netyX;H,]ą'c$$Ifl!vh5"#v":V l  t 065"/ alp ytPzDyK yK Phttp://www.itst-chile.info/yX;H,]ą'c$$Ifl!vh5"#v":V l  t 065"/ alp ytPz$$Ifl!vh5h%#vh%:V l  t 0h%65h%/ alp ytPz$$If!vh55!#v#v!:V l t0655/ R`R PzNormal d CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH ``"` Pz Heading 2ddd@&[$\$5CJ$OJPJQJ\aJ$DA@D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k(No ListVoV PzDefault 7$8$H$!B*CJ_HaJmH phsH tH DoD PzList Paragraph ^m$V/V PzHeading 2 Char"5CJ$PJ\_HaJ$mH sH tH :U`!: Pz Hyperlink>*B*^Jph4a`14 Pz HTML Cite 6]^J> `B> PzFooter H$dN/QN Pz Footer Char CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH >ZCOPJK "#!B[456789:;<=RS.3}~e"f"u""$u%%&&& 'p''6(U((((E))q*M+,,K//0V1k11R22344779<%<3<?A‹XōǎȎ֎$%&Hܙ,cWlU':d+[Fa0NOghiUV[pq:*TU?@EG[\TU qr()yz 89:;<?000000 0 0 000000000000000 0 0 000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000 000 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000000000303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303 0303030303030303030303030303030303030303 03 03 03 03 03030303030303030303030303 03030303030303030303 03030303030303030303030303030303 03030303030303030303030303030303 0303030303030303030303 0303030303030303030303 0303030303030303 03030303030303030303030303 0303030303030303030303030303 0303 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03030303030303 03 03030303030303 0303 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 030303030303 03 03 03030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303 03 03 030303 03 03 0303030303030303 03 03 03030303 03030303030303 0303 0303 030303 03 00 @0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@00@0 @0 @0 @00000!COPJK 9:;<=RS.3}~e"f"u""$u%%&&& 'p''6(U((((E))q*M+,,K//0V1k11R22344779<%<3<?AXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX$!8@0(  B S  ?|pl_oq r s tl uܝvw,oxloyozo{,o|lo}o~o,olooo,olooo,olooo,olooo,olooo,olooFDFFFGDGGGHDHHHIDIIIJDJJJKDKKKLDLLLMDMM,hnlhnhnhn,inlininin,jnljnjnjn,kn¼lknüknļknż,lnƼllnǼlnȼlnɼ,mnʼlmn˼mn̼mnͼ,nnμlnnϼnnмnnѼ,onҼlonӼonԼ\#ռ\#ּ]#׼\]#ؼ]#ټ]#ڼ^#ۼ\^#ܼ^#ݼ^#޼_#߼\_#༜_#Ἔ_#⼜`#㼜\`#伜`#弜`#漜a#缜\a#輜a#鼜a#꼜b#뼜\b#FMMH"""""u%u%%%)),,V1V1444!5!566(60686666666M7M79999999999]<]<<<==D=L=L=>>@@P@q@@@@@WAmAtAAA]IKKKKKKKKLLLLMM}z llw? 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